Two former directors of the National Security Agency have issued dire warnings of the possible fallout from any sharp reductions in U.S. communications surveillance activities, including National Security Agency programs that have been the subject of debate since disclosures of their workings by former NSA contract worker Edward Snowden began a year ago. "You can't be a modern signals intelligence agency without doing bulk collection" of communications data, said retired Gen. Michael Hayden, who headed NSA from 1999 to 2005, at an event organized by the American Enterprise Institute.
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