Planning with Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy by Judith E. Innes and David E. Booher

摘要

Considering cities as evolving and complex systems, Planning with Complexity provides an invaluable framework of adaptive and self-organized policy-making systems for dealing with uncertain and changing situations. Building their argument primarily upon the theories of complexity, system and communicative rationality, Innes and Booher explore collaborative rationality by deeply examining multiple case studies in which stakeholders' collaboration affects policy-making. They assert that to deal with the complexity of cities, we need to facilitate collaboration among participants as a continuous learning process. Collaborative processes are adaptive and can tolerate major changes. They not only create new knowledge and creativity, but can also result in the transformation of values, desires and understandings. Planning with Complexity makes it clear that: