The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) publishes research reports, commentaries, perspectives, and colloquium papers. In accordance with the guiding principles established by George Ellery Hale in 1914, PNAS publishes brief first announcements of Academy members' and foreign associates' (hereafter referred to as members) more important contributions to research and of work that appears to a member to be of particular importance. PNAS is a general science journal with a broad scientific audience. All papers should be intelligible to this audience. Research Reports describe the results of original research of exceptional importance. Feature Articles are in-depth research reports with exceptional breadth. Features may be slightly longer than a regular research article to fully develop and present the findings. Commentaries call attention to papers of particular note and are written at the invitation of the Editorial Board.
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