From Russia with love

摘要

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia lost most of its Baltic ports to the re-emerging Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Today the major sea ports remaining within the Russian fold are St Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg and Vysotsk, with all but the last having been built in the 19th century. City infrastructure has long since enveloped these ports making significant expansion all but impossible, although all have modernisation programmes.