2750 Tripartite symbiosis of an anaerobic scuticociliate with two hydrogenosome-associated endosymbionts, a Holospora-related alphaproteobacterium and a methanogenic archaeon K. Takeshita, T. Yamada, Y. Kawahara et al. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2019 85/24 Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan A number of anaerobic ciliates, unicellular eukaryotes, intracel-lularly possess methanogenic archaea and bacteria as symbiotic partners. Although this tripartite relationship is of interest in terms of the fact that each participant is from a different domain, the difficulty in culture and maintenance of those host species with symbiotic partners has disturbed both ecological and functional studies so far. In this study, we obtained a stable culture of a small anaerobic scuticociliate, strain GW7.
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