OPINION LETTERS

摘要

From Bill Summers There are many philosophical questions that need to be explored in any discussion of consciousness (18 May, p 30). Is consciousness another basic force of the universe beyond the traditional four, or did it arise from them? If so, how? Is it a cause or an effect of life's evolution? If a cause, it must have existed before evolvable life. If it is an effect, it must have arisen from life. At what point did consciousness burst into this previously zombie life? Where was it before life?