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摘要

In the 1950s, Edwards Deming, a statistician known as the father of the Japanese industrial revolution, almost single-handedly reformed the country's economy by introducing a mathematical concept: set quality standards so high that the likelihood of failure is near impossible. That concept now pervades the biosciences. In industry, it is essential for monitoring the safety of drugs and, in basic science, it is necessary for drawing causal relationships conclusively, for instance, between multiple genes and a single disease.