The story of international expansionism in the cellular industry has been dominated by Western protagonists. The past decade has seen the leading players from developed European markets-Vodafone, Orange, Telefonica, Deutsche Telekom, TIM, Telenor to name some-take their domestic experiences and operations and replicate them in neighbouring countries, before heading even further afield. For several years now, the industry as a whole has eyed the world's emerging markets in its collective quest for continued growth. And during that time, those Western carriers that have nurtured the territories into which they first expanded to the point of saturation have been taking steps to ensure their stake in the world's remaining high growth markets is assured. But while there have been undoubted successes for these players in emerging markets, they have no guarantee of long term triumph-because these markets have spawned their own aspiring super-carriers.
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