Operation and maintenance costs make up around 20-30% of the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of offshore wind energy, and a considerable part of this relates to the vessel and its ability to work. We can distinguish two mam types of vessels - crew transfer vessels (CTVs) and service operation vessels (SOVs). To access the turbines maintenance technicians step over from the bow of the CTVs to the turbines directly and to minimise vertical motions CTVs are equipped with a rubber fender and push against the ladder of the turbine. SOVs are equipped with motion-compensated gangways to transfer the technicians to the foundation.
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