Progressive changes in positive active material over the lifetime of a lead-acid battery

摘要

Time-of-flight neutron diffraction for a series of lead-acid battery positive plate samples has shown that β-PbO_2 is not stoichiometric, but has a deficiency of pb relative to oxygen giving pb_0.92O_2. The Pb vacancies cause a charge deficiency that is balanced by crystallographic hydrogen on a disordered site.