Johannes von Kries and the History of Water Hammer

摘要

In 1883, Johannes von Kries published the theory of water hammer in a study of blood flow in arteries. He derived the Joukowsky formula before Joukowsky and Frizell in 1898. He considered skin friction in unsteady laminar flow and thus derived formulas for wave attenuation and line pack. The theory was confirmed by experimental results obtained in water-filled rubber hoses. In 1892, he published the first textbook describing "classical" water hammer. It presents formulas for phase-velocity and damping that are frequency-dependent because of skin friction; and in this sense, it is the first contribution to the—these days popular—subject of unsteady friction (Zielke 1968; Bergant et al. 2001; Vardy and Brown 2003, 2004; Ghidaoui et al. 2005). This paper gives the work of Kries a place in the history of transients in fluids and solids. It also provides the first synopsis in English of his investigations on water hammer, thus making it accessible to a wider readership.