Associations Between Delay Discounting and Risk-Related Behaviors, Traits, Attitudes, and Outcomes

摘要

Delay discounting-preference for immediate, smaller rewards over distal, larger rewards-has been argued to be part of the "generality of deviance", which describes the co-occurrence of various forms of impulsive and risky behaviors among individuals. Some studies have linked laboratory-measured delay discounting to behaviors, traits, attitudes, and outcomes associated with risk, but these associations have been inconsistent. Furthermore, many of these studies have been conducted with exclusively undergraduate samples, or in samples offering low statistical power. In a large community sample (n = 328) diverse in age and socioeconomic status, we examined associations between two measures of behavioral delay discounting (single-shot and canonical k-parameter estimation) and behavioral risk-taking, personality traits associated with risk, domain-specific risk attitudes, gambling and problem gambling, antisocial behavior, and criminal outcomes. In addition, we explored whether a novel response time latency measure of delay discounting explained variance in these risk-related outcomes. Results indicated that behavioral delay discounting was consistently associated with all variables related to impulse control: high trait impulsivity, low trait self-control, risk-averse attitudes toward financial investment, risk-prone attitudes toward gambling and health/safety risks, gambling and problem gambling, antisocial conduct, and criminal outcomes. Latency-measured delay discounting was inconsistently associated with behavioral delay discounting and risk-related measures. Together, results suggest that delay discounting is associated with poor impulse control consistent with a generality of deviance account. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.