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An Overview of Small Modular Reactors: Status of Global Development, Potential Design Advantages, and Methods for Economic Assessment

机译:小型模块化反应堆概述:全球发展现状,潜在的设计优势和经济评估方法

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摘要

Increased reliance on fossil fuels contributes to rising greenhouse gas emissions and compromises the economic stability and supply of electricity markets, as fossil fuels are susceptible to significant price fluctuations. Nuclear energy provides carbon-free, base-load electricity with relatively stable long-term fuel costs. Large nuclear plants were constructed to help meet base-load energy demands; today, many distinct factors threaten the economic competitiveness of existing and new large commercial nuclear plants. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are an emerging class of nuclear reactors that may provide a more competitive alternative in many potential markets: replacing aging coal fired power plants, providing combined electricity and process heat for industrial applications, supporting intermittent renewable energies, and generating power in regions presently underserved by large commercial reactors. SMRs may also be more attractive in markets that lack a widely distributed transmission infrastructure, have limited water availability for cooling, or have a smaller energy demand making large reactors uneconomical. SMRs typically operate with a rated capacity of 300 MW or less and are designed as individual modules containing the safety-grade components. Methods to assess the investment costs for first-of-a-kind through nth-of-a-kind SMRs is crucial to understanding how SMR investments differ from those of traditional commercial reactors as a result of their modular design, colocation of modules, and other features; it is also significant in analyzing their market potential and economic viability and determining how sensitive the investment costs are to changes in the debt-equity structure of the investor, interest rates, and construction delays, which are common to the nuclear industry.
机译:对化石燃料的依赖性增加,导致温室气体排放量增加,并损害了经济稳定性和电力市场的供应,因为化石燃料容易受到价格大幅波动的影响。核能提供无碳的基本负荷电力,且长期燃料成本相对稳定。建造了大型核电站,以帮助满足基本负荷的能源需求;如今,许多不同的因素威胁着现有和新建大型商业核电站的经济竞争力。小型模块化反应堆(SMR)是新兴的一类核反应堆,在许多潜在市场中可能会提供更具竞争力的替代方案:更换老化的燃煤电厂,为工业应用提供组合的电力和过程热,支持间歇性可再生能源以及发电在目前大型商业反应堆服务不足的地区在缺乏广泛分布的传输基础设施,冷却用水有限或能源需求较小的大型反应堆不经济的市场中,SMR可能也更具吸引力。 SMR通常以300 MW或以下的额定容量运行,并且被设计为包含安全级组件的单独模块。评估首批SMR到首批SMR的投资成本的方法对于理解SMR投资与传统商业反应堆的模块化设计,模块共置以及与之相比有何不同至关重要。其它功能;这对于分析核工业的市场潜力和经济可行性以及确定投资成本对投资者的债务权益结构,利率和建造延迟等变化的敏感程度也具有重要意义,而核工业普遍存在这种变化。

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