In consequence of the March 11 Tohoku Earthquake, many people and organizations faced unanticipated problems and had to react to them with a behavior not trained or practiced, nor prescribed by manuals, rules, or laws. Some made it successfully and some ended in failure. It was found to be necessary and important to anticipate as many scenarios as possible, and if an unanticipated event occurs, for front-line professionals to make decisions and actions by themselves. In emergency situations, people cannot effectively cope with problems by merely obeying manuals, but flexibility or resilience is required. In order to enhance resilience of individuals and organizations, and to achieve a real "learning culture", a "just culture" in which human errors are not punished by their consequences is indispensible.%2011年3月11日に発生した東日本大震災では，多くの個人や組織が「想定外」の事態に直面し，マニュアル，訓練，前例，規則，法令を超えて対応した．その中には成功事例も失敗事例も含まれている．できるだけ事前に想定外を減らすこと，それでも起きる想定外に現場第一線が自律的に判断して行動することが必要であり，また重要であった．このような緊急時には硬直したマニュアル主義では対応できず，「柔軟な文化」とレジリエンスが求められる.そして，個人や組織のレジリエンスを支えるには，結果主義でエラーを裁かない「公正な文化」が必要であり，それによって，初めて真の「学習する文化」が実現する．
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