Impact of Legionella regulation on a 4th generation district heating substation energy use and cost: the case of a Swiss single-family household

摘要

4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) systems can have a supply temperature lower than 50 degrees C to decrease losses and to favour the integration of renewable and waste heat. As the temperature requirement for space heating in new and retrofitted buildings is around 35 degrees C or lower, they would be suitable for 4GDH. However, Domestic Hot Water (DHW) is a significant barrier in district heating, because the temperature needs to be maintained above the standard Legionella growing range (25 degrees C-55 degrees C), even if 45 degrees C would be sufficient for comfort. Nonetheless, current regulations vary widely across countries in Europe, especially for small buildings. This paper aims to study the effect of different Legionella regulations on the DHW energy use, and on the substation cost of a Swiss single-family household connected to a 4GDH network. The Swiss standard is confronted with the requirements of the Danish regulation and the German "3-litre rule". Results demonstrated that a relaxation of the current Swiss regulation could present energy and economic savings. The "3-litre rule" resulted in an annual heat consumption reduction of 13% while the Danish standard achieved the lowest annual running cost and annualized total cost. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.