Insecticide has asymmetric effects on two tadpole species despite priority effects

摘要

Priority effects are defined as asymmetric responses of different species colonizing the same habitat in different sequences and are important in structuring communities, particularly for ephemeral systems that are colonized annually. Amphibians often use ephemeral ponds and have been shown to experience priority effects from interspecific competition. Pesticide exposure can impact amphibian species interactions like competition, and has been linked to declines. We investigated whether insecticide exposure interacted with colonization history to impact priority effects in Bufo americanus and Rana pipiens. We predicted that exposure to the insecticide carbaryl and colonization history would affect tadpole metamorphosis independently and interactively. Our results indicated that Bufo time to metamorphosis experienced priority effects: Bufo introduced early reached metamorphosis sooner when Rana were absent, but Bufo introduced late reached metamorphosis sooner when Rana were also late. Insecticide exposure eliminated differences in Bufo time to metamorphosis due to Rana colonization history. Rana survival and mass at metamorphosis were affected by intraspecific colonization history. Bufo had significantly fewer survivors and Rana had more survivors in insecticide-exposed treatments. Bufo did better when reared without Rana, but Rana was unaffected by Bufo presence. The effects on anuran metamorphosis occurred without any effects on periphyton abundance. We suggest that the effects of insecticide exposure on amphibian metamorphosis are not related to colonization history, although each factor alone can have substantial impacts. These results preliminarily suggest that managing pesticide applications with sensitivity to amphibians may be less complex than implied by traditional food web theory, although more research is needed.