Variety of nontopological solitons in a spontaneously broken U(1) gauge theory: Dust balls, shell balls, and potential balls

摘要

We show, by numerical calculations, that there exist three types of stationary and spherically symmetric nontopological soliton (NTS) solutions (NTS balls) with large sizes in the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. Under the assumption of symmetries, the coupled system reduces to a dynamical system with 3?degrees of freedom governed by an effective action. The effective potential in the action has stationary points. The NTS balls with large sizes are described by bounce solutions that start off with an initial stationary point and traverse to the final stationary point, the vacuum stationary point. According to the choice of the initial stationary point, there appear three types of NTS balls: dust balls, shell balls, and potential balls with respect to their internal structures.