Genotoxicity of chloroacetamide herbicides and their metabolites?in?vitro?and?in?vivo

摘要

The toxicity of chloroacetamide herbicide in embryo development remains unclear. Acetochlor (AC) is a chloroacetamide that metabolizes into 2?ethyl?6?methyl?2?chlo? roacetanilide (CMEPA) and 6?ethyl?o?toluidine (MEA). The present study determined the potential effect of AC and its metabolites on embryo development. Both HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos were exposed to AC， CMEPA and MEA in the presence or absence of co?treatment with anti?reactive oxygen species (ROS) reagent N?acetylcysteine. The generation of ROS， levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from HepG2 cells were investigated. The effects of AC， CMEPA and MEA on DNA breakage， MAPK/ERK pathway activity， viability and apoptosis of HepG2 cells were examined by comet assay， western blotting， MTT assay and flow cytom? etry， respectively. Levels of LDH， SOD and GSH in zebrafish embryos exposed to AC， CMEPA and MEA were measured.