Electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric materials allows direct conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Here, we demonstrate lead-free (K subx/sub Nasub1? x /sub)NbOsub3/sub single crystals with an ultrahigh large-signal piezoelectric coefficient d sub33/sub* of 9000 pm Vsup?1/sup, which is superior to the highest value reported in state-of-the-art lead-based single crystals (~2500 pm Vsup?1/sup). The enhanced electromechanical properties in our crystals are realized by an engineered compositional gradient in the as-grown crystal, allowing notable reversible non-180° domain wall motion. Moreover, our crystals exhibit temperature-insensitive strain performance within the temperature range of 25°C to 125°C. The enhanced temperature stability of the response also allows the materials to be used in a wider range of applications that exceed the temperature limits of current lead-based piezoelectric crystals.
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机译：压电材料中的机电耦合允许将电能直接转换成机械能，反之亦然。在这里，我们展示无铅（K x Na 3 ）nbo 3 单个晶体，具有超高大信号压电系数d < Sub> 33 *为9000 pm v Δ1，其优于最先进的基于铅的单晶报告的最高值（〜2500 pm v ？1 ）。我们晶体中的增强的机电性能通过以生长晶体中的工程化成分梯度实现，允许值得注意的非180°域壁运动。此外，我们的晶体在25℃至125℃的温度范围内表现出温度不敏感的应变性能。响应的增强型温度稳定性还允许材料用于超过基于铅基压电晶体的温度限制的更广泛的应用。
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