This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770570, 31971444, 31470494) and the CAS “Light of West China” Program. Authors’ Contributions B.W. conceived the ideas and designed methodology, B.W. and X.Y. collected the data, B.W. analyzed the data and led the writing of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Supplementary Material can be found at . Acknowledgments We thank Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden for logistical support for fieldwork. References Blate GM , Peart DR , Leighton M , 1998 . Post-dispersal predation on isolated seeds: a comparative study of 40 tree species in a Southeast Asian rainforest . Oikos 82 : 522 – 538 . Gong H , Tang C , Wang B , 2015 . Post-dispersal seed predation and its relations with seed traits: a thirty-species-comparative study . Plant Spec Biol 30 : 193 – 201 . Moles AT , Warton DI , Westoby M , 2003 . Do small-seeded species have higher survival through seed predation than large-seeded species? Ecology 84 : 3148 – 3161 . Vander Wall SB , 2010 . How plants manipulate the scatter-hoarding behaviour of seed-dispersing animals . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365 : 989 – 997 . Wang B , Chen J , 2009 . Seed size, more than nutrient or tannin content, affects seed caching behavior of a common genus of Old World rodents . Ecology 90 : 3023 – 3032 . Wang B , Chen J , 2012 . Effects of fat and protein levels on foraging preferences of tannin in scatter-hoarding rodents . PLoS ONE 7 : e40640 . Wang B , Ives AR , 2017 . Tree-to-tree variation in seed size and its consequences for seed dispersal versus predation by rodents . Oecologia 183 : 751 – 762 . Wang B , Yang X , 2014 . Teasing apart the effects of seed size and energy content on rodent scatter-hoarding behavior . PLoS ONE 9 : e111389 . Xiao Z , Wang Y , Harris M , Zhang Z , 2006 . Spatial and temporal variation of seed predation and removal of sympatric large-seeded species in relation to innate seed traits in a subtropical forest, Southwest China . Forest Ecol Manag 222 : 46 – 54 . Zhang Z , Wang Z , Chang G , Yi X , Lu J et al.?, 2016 . Trade-off between seed defensive traits and impacts on interaction patterns between seeds and rodents in forest ecosystems . Plant Ecol 217 : 253 – 265 .
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