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Insights into the Structure and Metabolic Function of Microbes That Shape Pelagic Iron-Rich Aggregates (“Iron Snow”)

机译:洞察形成富铁聚集体的微生物的结构和代谢功能(“铁雪”)

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Microbial ferrous iron [Fe(II)] oxidation leads to the formation of iron-rich macroscopic aggregates (“iron snow”) at the redoxcline in a stratified lignite mine lake in east-central Germany. We aimed to identify the abundant Fe-oxidizing and Fe-reducing microorganisms likely to be involved in the formation and transformation of iron snow present in the redoxcline in two basins of the lake that differ in their pH values. Nucleic acid- and lipid-stained microbial cells of various morphologies detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy were homogeneously distributed in all iron snow samples. The dominant iron mineral appeared to be schwertmannite, with shorter needles in the northern than in the central basin samples. Total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies ranged from 5.0 × 10~(8) copies g (dry weight)~(?1) in the acidic central lake basin (pH 3.3) to 4.0 × 10~(10) copies g (dry weight)~(?1) in the less acidic (pH 5.9) northern basin. Total RNA-based quantitative PCR assigned up to 61% of metabolically active microbial communities to Fe-oxidizing- and Fe-reducing-related bacteria, indicating that iron metabolism was an important metabolic strategy. Molecular identification of abundant groups suggested that iron snow surfaces were formed by chemoautotrophic iron oxidizers, such as Acidimicrobium , Ferrovum , Acidithiobacillus , Thiobacillus , and Chlorobium , in the redoxcline and were rapidly colonized by heterotrophic iron reducers, such as Acidiphilium , Albidiferax -like, and Geobacter -like groups. Metaproteomics yielded 283 different proteins from northern basin iron snow samples, and protein identification provided a glimpse into some of their in situ metabolic processes, such as primary production (CO_(2) fixation), respiration, motility, and survival strategies.
机译:微生物亚铁[Fe(II)]的氧化导致在德国中东部分层褐煤矿湖中的氧化还原层上形成富铁的宏观聚集体(“铁雪”)。我们旨在鉴定丰富的铁氧化和铁还原微生物,这些微生物可能参与了湖中两个盆地的pH值不同的氧化还原环中存在的铁雪的形成和转化。通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜检测到的各种形态的核酸和脂质染色微生物细胞均匀分布在所有铁雪样品中。主要的铁矿物似乎是schwertmannite,在北部的针状体比在中部盆地样品中的针状体短。细菌在16S rRNA基因的总拷贝数在酸性中央湖盆(pH 3.3)中为5.0×10〜(8)拷贝g(干重)〜(?1)至4.0×10〜(10)拷贝g(干重)酸性较低(pH 5.9)的北部盆地中的〜(?1)。基于总RNA的定量PCR将多达61%的代谢活跃微生物群落分配给与铁氧化和铁还原相关的细菌,这表明铁代谢是重要的代谢策略。大量分子的分子鉴定表明,铁雪表面是由氧化还原菌中的化学自养铁氧化剂(如酸性微生铁,铁矾,酸性硫杆菌,硫杆菌和绿球藻)形成的,并被异养铁还原剂(如嗜酸性,类似Albidiferax,和类杆菌。元蛋白质组学从北部盆地铁雪样品中产生了283种不同的蛋白质,蛋白质鉴定提供了它们原位代谢过程的一些信息,例如初级生产(CO_(2)固定),呼吸作用,运动力和生存策略。

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