This article makes an analysis on effective agricultural land system in China after the founding of PRC from the three aspects of its root cause, incentive mechanism and assets rights of farmers. According to the authors, at the stage of low economic development, we should carry out agricultural land system through improving the incentive mechanism and enlarging assets rights of farmers, etc. Agricultural land systems with different efficiency differ from each other in the following aspects: whether peasant households really own the property right and whether their internal incentive mechanism can be brought into play to mobilize the enthusiasm of producers.
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