A Study Of Genetic Engineering Techniques In Biotechnology Based Pharmaceuticals

摘要

Modern pharmaceutical biotechnology encompasses gene cloning and recombinant DNA technology. The prime focus of the study was to know in depth of the concepts of Genetic engineering that are implemented in pharmaceutical industry. This study unleashes the paramount significance of Genetic engineering emerged out with outstanding success. Pharmaceutical trends are moving towards two profound technologies the first being Novel Drug Delivery system.. This review work ensures the concepts of Recombinent DNA , and the hybridoma techniques that are implemented in drug discovery and research. Genetic engineering now allows biological synthesis and large-scale production of several proteins with therapeutic potential. The principal challenge in this sphere is to identify new, medically and commercially significant targets. In the future, genetic engineering will surely provide invaluable tools for the study of the molecular basis of cellular control and pathophysiology, which will permit biochemists and medicinal chemists to design novel medicines. Introduction Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and service. This review provides an in-depth look at the most promising major biologics (blood, blood components and derivatives, allergenic and vaccines) that include biotechnology based drugs and products (therapeutic proteins, recombinant DNA vaccines, gene therapies, and devices).During the early days of genetic engineering, the availability of this remarkable new technology produced a sense that the world of science was experiencing a momentous occasion. Because it is a technology that is evolving and finding new applications ,it is constantly providing new challenges and impressions.New biotechnology comprises genetic engineering, protoplast fusion and monoclonal (citation) antibody techniques, powerful new “tools” designed to generate efficient bioprocesses and products for the pharmaceutical industry. The following areas of biotechnology are highlighted: human insulin, interferons and other growth factors, neuroactive peptides, blood products, antibiotics, enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and oncogenes. Biotechnology has helped the bio-industries in producing the novel compounds and optimization, and scale up products, including single protein and mycoprotein. The genetic engineering is not a single technique but represents a collection of interrelated techniques, including recombinant recombinent DNA technology, that together permits scientists to manipulate genetic information; to express this genetic information in a defined manner; and, as a result, to convert microorganisms into minifactories capable of manufacturing desired gene products. Principles of Tools of Genetic Engineering The fundamental unit of a genome that control heredity is known as gene. The recent work on structure of chromosomes and deoxyribonucleic acid clearly defines the gene as “a small segment of polynucleotide chain consisting of hundreds or thousands of nucleotide”.There are various biological tools which are used to carry out manipulation of genetic materials and cells as well, for example enzymes, foreign or passenger DNA, cDNA bank and gene bank.Exonucleases These enzymes act upon genome and digest the base pairs on 5’ or 3’ ends of a single nicks or gaps in double stranded DNA.EndonucleasesThey act upon genetic material and cleave the double stranded DNA at any pointy except the ends, but their action involves only one strand of the duplex.Restriction endonucleasesThese enzymes occur naturally in bacteria as a chemical weapon against invading viruses and cut both strands of DNA when certain foreign nucleotides are introduced in the cell. DNA LigasesMertz and Davis (1972) for the first time demonstrated that cohesive termini of cleaved DNA molecule could be covalently sealed with E.coli DNA ligase and were able to produce recombinant DNA