Effects of industrial pollutants on physicochemical characteristics of the River Nile water and fish productivity

摘要

River Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, (6850 km). Its basin has an area of 2.9 million km². This area includes parts from eleven African countries through which the Nile passes, namely, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Sudan, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Egypt. The Nile River of Egypt is an unusual river system because of its arid climate setting and the impact of the Aswan High Dam. River Nile is the principal freshwater resource for Egypt that has a wide usage in different fields include drinking, domestic water supply, agricultural, industrial, navigation, fishery and others. It flows 1,350 km from the Aswan High Dam, to its discharge into the Mediterranean Sea. At the city of Cairo, the River Nile bifurcates into two branches enclosing the delta region between them. These are the Rosetta (the western) branch and the Damietta (the eastern) branch that discharge Nile water into the Mediterranean through the Nile estuary. River Nile flow rate relies on the available water stored in Lake Nasser to meet needs within Egypt’s annual share of water, which is fixes at 55.5 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) annually according to an agreement signed with Sudan in 1959.