Impact of aflatoxicosis on fish aquaculture and poultry

摘要

World populations increased dramatically annually and consequently increase the demand for foods of animal origin, particularly from fish and poultry where the meat of fish are characterized by high protein content with high level of calcium and phosphorus beside its availability in the markets at any time with suitable prices in addition to the relatively short production cycle. Also poultry meat production has been considered as a rapid important source of protein, where it has a short life cycle and high capacity of feed conversion-Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector in the world, with regard to the rapid development, expanding and intensity in this industry, it required increase in the essential requirements from feeds, medication and control of diseases. With growing demand for aquaculture comes increasing concern about the dependable supply of raw materials necessary to support this growth. Aqua feeds usually depend on fishmeal as a protein source, but recently the trend has moved towards using of nutrients replacements to obtain a plant protein with reasonable prices. The preparation of fish meals with non-hygienic measures either during storage or exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions which leads to spoilage or deterioration of protein and growth of fungi. As a result of this trend, aquaculture feeds have a higher risk of contamination by one or more types of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are distributed worldwide. Aspergillus species are able to grow in a wide variety of substrates and under different environmental conditions. Aflatoxins are principally produced by Aspergillus flavus and A Aspergillus parasiticus , but may also be produced by other strains, such as A Aspergillus nomius, A Aspergillus tamari , and A Aspergillus pseudotamarii .