Communal rangelands management and challenges underpinning pastoral mobility in Tanzania: a review

摘要

Mostrecently,therehasbeenaconcernaboutsustainabilityofcommunalrangelandsinAfrica.Mostofthesecommunalrangelandsareperceivedtobedegradedandunproductiveandhencecharacterizedbyconflictsrelatedtolanduses.InTanzania,rapidincreaseinhumanandlivestockpopulationhasincreasedpressureoncommunalrangelands.Thedemandoflandforgrazing,cropproductionandconservationareas,hasinevitablyledtolanduseconflicts.Although,enclosureshavebeenusedindifferentpartsofthecountryascopingstrategyfollowingdeclinedpastoralmobilityduetoscarcityofgrazingland,mayenclosureshaveresultedintosocialconflictsandcausedcommunalrangeland#8217;sdegradationratherthancontributingtorehabilitation.Thispaperreviewedthesocialdynamicbehindmanagementofcommonresourcepoolasavitalforsustainablemanagementofcommunalrangelandresources.Thepoorcommunalrangelandconditionsandlanduseconflictshavebeenassociatedtothedeclineinthepreviouslytraditionalrangelandmanagementpracticesandchangesincustomaryrightstoofficiallandusepolicies.Thepastoralmarginalizationhasresultedintolanduseconflictsbetweenherdersandfarmers.Moreover,competitionforscarcegrazinglandandwaterresourceshasincreasedtheconflictsbetweenwildlifemanagersandlivestockowners.Itisrecommendedtomaintaingoodrelationshipamongthemultiplelandusersforsustainabilityofpastoralproductionsystem,cropproductionandconservationofnaturalresources.Landpolicyreformanddecisionmakingpowerarerecommendedtobeparticipatoryandshouldengagepastoralgroupsinalltheprocess.