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Bacterial Valorization of Lignin: Strains, Enzymes, Conversion Pathways, Biosensors, and Perspectives

机译:木质素的细菌平衡:菌株,酶,转化途径,生物传感器和观点

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Lignin, an aromatic polymer found in plants, has been studied for years in many biological fields. Initially, when biofuel was produced from lignocellulosic biomass, lignin was regarded as waste generated by the biorefinery and had to be removed, because of its inhibitory effects on fermentative bacteria. Although it has since proven to be a natural resource for bio-products with considerable potential, its utilization is confined by its complex structure. Hence, the microbial degradation of lignin has attracted researchers’ interest to overcome this problem. From this perspective, the studies have primarily focused on fungal systems, such as extracellular peroxidase and laccase from white- and brown-rot fungi. However, recent reports have suggested that bacteria play an increasing role in breaking down lignin. This paper, therefore, reviews the role of bacteria in lignin and lignin-related research. Several reports on bacterial species in soil that can degrade lignin and their enzymes are included. In addition, a cellulolytic anaerobic bacterium capable of solubilizing lignin and carbohydrate simultaneously has recently been identified, even though the enzyme involved has not been discovered yet. The assimilation of lignin-derived small molecules and their conversion to renewable chemicals by bacteria, such as muconic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates, including genetic modification to enhance their capability was discussed. This review also covers the indirect use of bacteria for lignin degradation, which is concerned with whole-cell biosensors designed to detect the aromatic chemicals released from lignin transformation.
机译:木质素是植物中发现的一种芳香族聚合物,已经在许多生物学领域中进行了多年研究。最初,从木质纤维素生物质生产生物燃料时,木质素被认为是生物提炼厂产生的废物,由于其对发酵细菌的抑制作用,必须将其清除。尽管此后已证明它是具有巨大潜力的生物产品的天然资源,但其利用受到其复杂结构的限制。因此,木质素的微生物降解吸引了研究人员克服这一问题的兴趣。从这个角度出发,研究主要集中在真菌系统上,例如白腐和棕腐真菌的细胞外过氧化物酶和漆酶。但是,最近的报道表明细菌在分解木质素中起着越来越重要的作用。因此,本文综述了细菌在木质素和木质素相关研究中的作用。包括土壤中能降解木质素及其酶的细菌种类的一些报道。另外,尽管尚未发现所涉及的酶,但是最近已经鉴定出能够同时溶解木质素和碳水化合物的纤维素分解厌氧细菌。讨论了木质素衍生的小分子的同化及其被细菌(例如粘康酸和聚羟基链烷酸酯)转化为可再生化学物质的方法,包括遗传修饰以增强其能力。这篇综述还涵盖了细菌用于木质素降解的间接用途,这与设计用于检测木质素转化释放的芳香族化学物质的全细胞生物传感器有关。

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