Editorial: Emerging Tools for Emerging Symbioses—Using Genomics Applications to Studying Endophytes

摘要

Endophytes, bacteria or fungi colonizing the interior of plants, are abundant, diverse, and play critical ecological roles across natural and agricultural ecosystems. Plants are typically colonized by hundreds of endophyte species without any noticeable disease symptoms. Endophytes have attracted the attention of researchers all over the world due to their various beneficial effects on plants. The rationale for studying endophytes using emerging tools is to better understand the beneficial bacteria and fungi associated with agricultural crops, including their origin, maintenance, and nutritional requirements could help the development of sustainable agricultural systems and the exploitation of various plant–symbiont natural products. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and computation now allow more complete descriptions of the endophyte community composition without the biases imposed by culturing. Complementing taxonomic data, community functional traits such as substrate utilization, can be characterized at high throughput using Phenotype MicroArrays ( Blumenstein et al. ). Comparing whole genomes of endophytes and other symbiotic bacteria with those of pathogens, the factors underlying symbiosis can be identified. Furthermore, analysis of the transcriptomes of both host and microbes can unveil the molecular underpinnings of the interaction.The studies collected in this ebook advance our knowledge of endophytes and their impact on plants, highlighting the importance of both bacterial and fungal microbiomes on plant health and growth. For example, the largest plants on Earth, Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum host variable communities of bacteria in their foliage, including Bacillus, Burkholderia , and Actinomycetes species that could protect the giant trees against biotic stress was studied using 454 sequencing technology and data was analyzed using Quantitative insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) package ( Carrell and Frank ). It is already known that many endophytes induce resistance and protect the host against diseases. An endophyte of olive, Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7, was found by Gómez-Lama Cabanás et al. antagonistic toward Verticillium , triggering a broad range of defense responses in root tissues and was studied using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization” (SSH) technology and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results indicated that the endophyte triggered defense responses not only locally in roots, but also in other tissues, such as stems and leaves, indicating a systemic response. Host responses by dark septate endophytes (DSEs) were elucidated in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Allium porrum , showing to be dependent on the plant species and ecotypes. An important finding was that the shifts in the environmental conditions directed the host responses along the mutualism–parasitism continuum, which confirms earlier understanding of the thin line between an endophyte and a pathogen ( Mandyam and Jumpponen ).Interaction and co-existence of endophytes and pathogens often depends on the full plant microbiome and virulence factors. One of the hot topics in our book is the comparative genomics of pathogens and endophytes, which is aimed to get a better grasp of these complex interactions and in turn to lead to a better understanding of plant health. Major differences between genomic virulence factors of endophytes and non-endophytes were analyzed by Lòpez-Fernàndez et al. whereas Sheibani-Tezerji et al. compared the genomes of three strains of Pantoea ananatis , isolated from healthy maize seeds, to identify functional genes and the genetic drivers of niche adaption.Many endophytes have other beneficial effects on the plant host besides protection against diseases, such as growth promotion. Some endophytes can induce development of roots or shoots of the host plant and the composition of the endophytic community may change along with development. For example, Agrobacterium and Erwinia dominated the seedling stage and members of Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium were mainly found in the mature leaves of Stevia, positively correlating with Steviol glycosides accumulation and was studied using V4 and V6 region of 16S rRNA gene using 454 GS-FLX platform ( Yu et al. ). Whereas the endophytes typically studied and sequenced are bacteria or fungi, the specific group of endophytic yeasts has largely gone unstudied. The pink-pigmented yeast strain Rhodotorula graminis WP1, isolated from Populus trichocarpa , was the first endophytic yeast genome to be sequenced using the Sanger whole genome shotgun approach ( Firrincieli et al. ). In comparison with the mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor, R. graminis WP1 potentially uses a different signaling pathway to communicate with the host, even though both of these fungi are Basidiomycete symbionts of poplar. Another example is the study by Tadra-Sfeir et al. where RNA-Seq was used to identify the essential genes requ