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A Time Series of Prehistoric Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Western European Genetic Diversity Was Largely Established by the Bronze Age

机译:史前线粒体DNA的时间序列揭示了由青铜时代建立的西欧遗传多样性

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A major unanswered question concerns the roles of continuity versus change in prehistoric Europe. For the first time, genetic samples of reasonable size taken at multiple time points are revealing piecemeal snapshots of European prehistory at different dates and places across the continent. Here, we pull these disparate datasets together to illustrate how human genetic variation has changed spatially and temporally in Europe from the Mesolithic through to the present day. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups were determined for 532 European individuals from four major eras: the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic (late Neolithic/early Bronze Age transition) and Modern periods. The Mesolithic was characterized by low mtDNA diversity. These initial European settler haplogroups declined rapidly in the Neolithic, as farmers from the east introduced a new suite of mtDNA lineages into Western Europe. For the first time, we show that the Chalcolithic was also a time of substantial genetic change in Europe. However, rather than the arrival of new mtDNA lineages, this period was characterized by major fluctuations in the frequencies of existing haplogroups. Besides the expansion of haplogroup H, there were few major changes in mtDNA diversity from the Chalcolithic to modern times, thus suggesting that the basic profile of mod- ern western European mtDNA diversity was largely established by the Bronze Age.
机译:一个未解决的主要问题涉及史前欧洲的连续性与变化的作用。第一次,在多个时间点采集的合理大小的遗传样本揭示了整个欧洲大陆不同日期和地点的欧洲史前零碎快照。在这里,我们将这些不同的数据集放在一起,以说明人类的遗传变异在欧洲从中石器时代一直到今天的时空变化。线粒体DNA(mtDNA)单倍型确定了来自四个主要时代的532个欧洲个体:中石器时代,新石器时代,黄铜石时代(新石器时代晚期/青铜时代早期)和现代时期。中石器时代的特征是mtDNA多样性低。随着东方农民向西欧引入了一套新的mtDNA谱系,在新石器时代,这些最初的欧洲定居者单倍群迅速减少。我们首次证明,石器时代也是欧洲发生重大遗传变化的时期。但是,这一时期的特征是现有单倍群频率的主要波动,而不是新的mtDNA谱系的到来。除了单倍群H的扩增以外,从石器时代到现代,mtDNA多样性几乎没有重大变化,这表明现代西欧mtDNA多样性的基本特征很大程度上是由青铜时代建立的。

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