Hepatitis B virus sero-profiles and genotypes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injection and Non-injection drug users from coastal Kenya

摘要

Background Information about HBV sero-markers, infection stages and genotypes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injection and non-injection drug users (IDUs) in Kenya remains elusive. Methods A cross-sectional study examining HBV sero-marker, infection stages and genotypes was conducted among HIV-1 infected and uninfected, respectively, IDUs (n?=?157 and n?=?214) and non-IDUs (n?=?139 and n?=?48), and HIV-1 uninfected non-drug using controls (n?=?194) from coastal, Kenya. HBV sero-marker and infection stages were based on HBV 5-panel rapid test plasma sero-reactivity. DNA was extracted from acute and chronic plasma samples and genotypes established by nested-PCR and direct sequencing. Results HBsAg positivity was higher in HIV-1 infected IDUs (9.6?%) relative to HIV-1 uninfected IDUs (2.3?%), HIV-1 infected non-IDUs (3.6?%), HIV-1 uninfected non-IDUs (0.0?%) and non-drug users (2.6?%; P?=?0.002). Contrastingly, HBsAb positivity was higher in HIV-1 uninfected IDUs (14.6?%) and non-IDUs (16.8) in comparison to HIV-1 infected IDUs (8.3?%), and non-IDUs (8.6?%), and non-drug users (8.2?%; P?=?0.023). HBcAb positivity was higher in HIV-1 infected IDUs (10.2?%) compared to HIV-1 uninfected IDUs (3.3?%), HIV-1 infected non-IDUs (6.5?%), HIV-1 uninfected non-IDUs (2.1?%) and non-drug users (4.6?%; P?=?0.038). Acute (5.7?%, 1.4?%, 0.0?%, 0.0?% and 1.5?%) and chronic (5.1?%, 0.9?%, 3.6?%, 0.0?% and 1.5?%) stages were higher in HIV-1 infected IDUs, compared to HIV-1 uninfected IDUs, HIV-1 infected and uninfected non-IDUs and non-drug users, respectively. However, vaccine type response stage was higher in HIV-1 uninfected IDUs (15.4?%) relative to HIV-1 infected IDUs (6.4?%), and HIV-1 infected (6.5?%), and uninfected (10.4?%) non-IDUs, and non-drug users (5.7?%; P?=?0.003). Higher resolved infection rates were also recorded in HIV-1 uninfected IDUs (11.2?%) compared to HIV-1 infected IDUs (8.3?%), and HIV-1 infected (7.2?%), uninfected (6.3?%) non-IDUs, and non-drug users (6.7?%; P?=?0.479), respectively. Only A1 genotype showing minimal diversity was detected among the study participants. Conclusion HBV sero-markers and infection staging are valuable in diagnosis and genotyping of HBV infections. Among IDUs, higher HBsAg and HBcAb positivity in HIV-1 infected and higher HBsAb positivity in HIV-1 negative IDUs suggests frequent exposure. Additionally, HBV genotype A is the dominant circulating genotype in both high and low risk populations of Kenya.