Electronic design has changed considerably since the days when TTL and 5V CMOS were the dominant standards for logic circuits. The increasing complexity of modem electronic systems has led to lower voltage logic, which in turn can cause incompatibility between input and output levels for the logic families within a system. It is not unusual, for example, that a digital section operating at 1.8V must communicate with an analog subsection operating at 3.3V. This article examines the basics of logic operation and considers, primarily for serial-data systems, the available methods for translating between different domains of logic voltage.
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