Network neutrality has been topic of discussion for the past 25 years, with current legislation/ regulation in the United States and Europe targeting the ISPs or ???common carriers.??? But the reality of the Internet in the 2010s is that various actors contribute to the delivery of data, with sometimes contradictory objectives. In this article, we highlight the fact that neutrality principles can be bypassed in many ways without violating the rules currently evoked in the debate; for example, via CDNs, which deliver content on behalf of content providers for a fee, or via search engines, which can hinder competition and innovation by affecting the visibility and accessibility of content. We therefore call for an extension of the net neutrality debate to all the actors involved in the Internet delivery chain. We particularly challenge the definition of net neutrality as it is generally discussed. Our goal is to initiate a relevant debate on net neutrality in an increasingly complex Internet ecosystem, and to provide examples of possible neutrality rules for different levels of the delivery chain, this level separation being inspired by the OSI layer model.
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