The rapid rise in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has led to a growing realisation of the risk of Al to human rights, as is shown in the above two quotations. These include concerns about privacy with the collection of mass data,3 discrimination through machine learning systems used for targeted advertising and recruitment,4 and the risk to employment rights.5 In view of the complex nature and rapid speed of technological change, most governments are unlikely and unable to put in place a 'timely and effective' regime to guard against all possible Al's threats to human rights.6 In contrast, both corporations and organisations have devised a range of voluntary codes and principles concerning Al.7 Most of these documents concentrate on promoting ethics and societal benefits of Al in general or address only certain human rights impacts, rather than focusing on the general responsibilities of corporations for their human rights impacts.
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