Modern cars use many electronic devices—with some demanding more than 250 individual electronic controller systems. These systems can be found, for example, under the hood, in the power train, in the passenger cabin, or near the wheels. The electrical and electronic architecture is extremely complex. The automobile's electronic systems must accomodate extreme specifications and pass extended stress tests and reliability test programs because many cars face severe environmental conditions. Therefore, the technical requirements and specifications of these systems are driven by the demand for high quality at relatively low cost. More than one rigid PCB is often required. The PCBs must be connected to each other and also to the peripheral equipment. The interconnections can be made using conventional cables and wires, ribbon cables, jumpers, connectors, etc. But defective solder joints and connectors are often one of the major root causes for electrical failures in automotive during extended reliability stress tests and also in practice on the road.
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