Meticulous flight planning can't predict unforecast weather, a runway closure due to a mishap or the explosion of a volcano. When these unexpected events occur, the air traffic management system can be quickly overwhelmed. Many readers have likely been caught in this situation, especially in the busy northeastern U.S., where a rapidly developing line of thunderstorms can shut down the arrivals into New York, thus backing up traffic more than halfway down the eastern seaboard.
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