The past occurrence of earthquakes in New Zealand and the likelihood of a major earthquake in Christchurch are considered. The causes of damage by earthquakes are discussed and typical possible Types of damage to building and bridge structures are described with reference to the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. The design of building and bridge structures for earthquake resistance by the ductile design Approach is covered, including performance criteria, structural configuration, design seismic forces, Mechanisms of post-elastic deformation, capacity design, detailing of reinforcement for ductility and Control of deflections, Design using base isolation and mechanical energy dissipating deflections is also Outlined. The extensive use of precast concrete in buildings in New Zealand is described. Finally the Seismic assessment and upgrading of old structures and the earthquake resistance of lifelines of Communities (transportation, utilities and communications) are briefly considered.
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