Following decades in which design computation was almost exclusively the domain of software, today many investigators are building hybrid systems and tools that, in one way or another, bridge the divide between physical "real world" artifacts and computational artifacts. On the one hand, the rapid rise and popularity of mass customization, rapid prototyping, and manufacturing raises questions about the kinds of software systems and tools that might make these hardware technologies useful for designing. On the other hand, advances in microcontroller and communications technologies has led to a wave of embedding computation in physical artifacts and environments, that is, tangible interaction.
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