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  • 1.

    【2hr】Three (―)-cytisine derivatives and 1-hydroxyquinopimaric acid as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

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    机译 三种（-）-胱氨酸衍生物和1-羟基喹啉海草酸作为乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂
    摘要：Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, (-)-Cytisine derivatives, 1-Hydroxyquinopimaric acid, Toxicity on Artemia salina model

    Abstract

    In vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was studied using novel derivatives of (―)-cytisine derivatives N-allylcytisine-12-carbamide (A-63), cytisine-12-carbamide (A-36), N-1-adamantylcytisine-12-thiocarbamide (U-12), and 1-hydroxyquinopimaric acid (U-201). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with compound A-63 was described as mixed inhibition. Substances (A-36) and (U-201) acted as competitive inhibitors with Ki equal to 6.71 mM and 3.89 mM, respectively, while (U-12) behaved as an uncompetitive inhibitor with Ki at 0.07 mM. The IC50 values were estimated at 1.47, 13.73, 3.39, and 7.81 mM, respectively. According to toxicity assessment, compound A-63 was non-toxic; it did not affect A. salina viability at a concentration less than 1000 ppm, while at 1000 ppm, only 3% mortality was observed. Mortality of A. salina was less than 50% in the same concentration range for the other three compounds that allow classifying them as moderately toxic. Although tested compounds have the characteristics of weak inhibitors, they could be useful as protectors against potent organophosphates. The present research may be fundamental to the design of new substances for acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Evaluation of the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the black caraway seed essential oil in Wistar rats

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    机译 黑葛缕子籽精油对Wistar大鼠急性和亚急性毒性的评估
    摘要：Haematological (right) and biochemical (left) parameter.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Effect of co-administration of Bee honey and some chemotherapeutic drugs on dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

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    机译 蜂蜂蜜与某些化疗药物合用对大鼠肝细胞癌扩散的影响
    摘要：Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Diethyl nitrosamine, Carbon tetrachloride, Bee honey, Chemotherapy, Oxidative stress, Inflammatory markers

    Abstract

    Alternative and complimentary usage of the natural compound has raised hopes of finding curative options for liver hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, the curative effect of bee honey against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (50 mg/kg) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (2 mg/Kg)–induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in male rats in the presence or absence of some chemotherapeutic drugs, Cisplatin (Cis), Cyclophosphamide (CY) and 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that treatment with DEN/CCl4 caused oxidative stress as assigned by the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and fall in glutathione (GSH) content. Meantime detraction in the antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was observed. Also, the results showed induction of inflammation as reflected by an increase in the levels of both α- fetoprotein and α- fucosidase in the liver. This was accompanied by changes in the hepatic function biomarkers which characterized by the increased levels of transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-Glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and decrease in total protein content in the serum. In conclusion, the combination of the selected drugs and bee honey may be an effective chemo- preventive and therapeutic strategy for treating DEN and CCl4-induced HCC.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Improvements in morphology and membrane stability obtained from TPP-TAB, a cryopreservation medium treated infertile smoker sperm cells – An in vitro study

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    机译 TPP-TAB是一种冷冻保存培养基，可治疗不育吸烟者精子细胞，其形态和膜稳定性得到改善–体外研究
    摘要：BackgroundPlants are the major sources of antioxidants, which maintains oxidant: antioxidant state or is to protect from excessive reactive oxygen species in case of cryo medium selection though maintain sperm stability.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Synthesis and exploration of a novel chlorobenzylated 2-aminothiazole-phenyltriazole hybrid as migratory inhibitor of B16F10 in melanoma cells

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    机译 黑色素瘤细胞中B16F10迁移抑制剂新型氯苄基化2-氨基噻唑-苯基三唑杂化物的合成与探索
    摘要：Keywords: 2-Aminothiazole, Triazole, Anti-proliferation, Matrix metalloproteinase, Zymography

    Abstract

    In the study presented here, a novel chlorobenzylated bi-heterocyclic hybrid molecule (7) was synthesized and its structural confirmation was carried out by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and CHN analysis data. This compound 7 was subjected to biological study with B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. The anti-proliferative results showed that 7 showed no significant toxicity at concentrations ranging of 0–44 μM. The treatment of B16F10 cells with 7 at aforementioned concentration range indicated that migration of cells was significantly lower than that of the control cells in a dose dependent manner. The possible migration inhibitory effect of these melanoma cells was further evaluated through gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 secreted from B16F10 cells. It was inferred from our results that 7 was not affecting the expression and activity of these enzymes. Some other zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were involved in the inhibitory progression. Taken together, compound 7 inhibited migrations of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Therefore, it may deserve consideration as a potential agent for the treatment of cancer.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Quality evaluation of health foods containing licorice in the Japanese Market

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    机译 日本市场上含有甘草的保健食品的质量评估
    摘要：Abbreviations: FOSHU, Foods for Specified Health Uses; FNFC, Foods with Nutrient Functional Claim; CAA, Consumer Affairs Agency; FFC, Foods with Function Claims; E2, 17β-estradiol; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; ORAC, oxygen radical absorption capacity; CYP, cytochrome P-450; BMD, bone mineral density; TE, Trolox equivalent; DGL, deglycyrrhizinKeywords: Licorice, Herbal medicines, Health foods, Safety assessment, Estrogenic activity, Cytochrome P-450 (CYP)

    Abstract

    Focusing on licorice, a highly used raw material in health foods, quantitative analysis of functional/medicinal components and a safety and functional evaluation was carried out for herbal medicines, health food ingredients, and so-called health foods. A functional component, glabridin, was detected in herbal medicines from Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. inflata, health food ingredients, and in commercially available health foods that contain licorice. Likewise, glycyrrhizin, a medicinal component, was detected in these sources, except in licorice oil extract. Estrogen activity in vitro was detected in some of the herbal medicines, health food ingredients, and in health foods containing licorice. In the in vivo study, liver weight in ovariectomized (OVX) mice treated with licorice oil extract was significantly higher than that in OVX and sham mice in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that excessive intake of licorice oil extract from health foods should be avoided, even though these ingredients might be beneficial for medical use in order to maintain bone health in postmenopausal women. Measurement of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) activity, reproductive organ weight, and fat and bone mass in OVX mice was considered useful for evaluating the safety and efficacy of estrogenic health food ingredients derived from herbal medicines.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Risk of human exposure to metals in some household hygienic products in Nigeria

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    机译 尼日利亚某些家庭卫生产品中人类暴露于金属的风险
    摘要：Keywords: Metals, Household hygienic products, Health hazards, Environmental contamination, Nigeria

    Abstract

    This study presents data on the levels and risk of human exposure to Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn and Fe in some popular brands of household hygienic products (HHPs) available in Nigeria. The HHPs were digested with a mixture of HNO3, HCl and HClO4 in a ratio of 1:3:1 and the concentrations of the selected metals were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal concentrations (in μg g−1) in these products ranged from 0.4 to 5.4, <0.09–47.0, <0.12–43.7, <0.06–7.5, <0.12–9.5, <0.06–15.0, <0.09–24.5, 9.0–675 and 62.4–434 for Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn and Fe respectively. The systemic exposure dosages for the metals, arising from the use of these HPPs, were less than their respective provisional tolerable daily intake/recommended dietary allowance values. The household hygienic products are safe to use by humans based on the margin of safety values that were all above 100. However, the products contained significant levels of toxic (Cd and Pb), allergenic (Ni and Cr) and other low toxicity metals (Mn, Zn and Fe), which could be a potential threat to the environment.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Toxicokinetics of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2-FTOH) in male and female Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats after intravenous and gavage administration

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    机译 静脉和管饲法对雄性和雌性Hsd：Sprague Dawley SD大鼠中8：2含氟端粒醇（8：2-FTOH）的毒代动力学
    摘要：Keywords: Perfluorinated chemicals, Fluorotelomer alcohols, Rats, Toxicokinetic

    Abstract

    Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are used in the production of persistent per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Rodents and humans metabolize FTOHs to perfluoralkyl carboxylic acids which have several associated toxicities. Thus, understanding the toxicokinetics of these FTOHs and their metabolites will be useful for interpreting their toxicity for humans. Here, male and female Hsd:Sprague-Dawley SD rats were administered a single dose of 8:2-FTOH via gavage (males: 12, 24, 48 mg/kg; females: 40, 80, 160 mg/kg) or IV (males: 12 mg/kg; females: 40 mg/kg). Toxicokinetics of 8:2-FTOH and two primary metabolites, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 7:3-fluorotelomer acid (7:3-FTA) were determined in plasma. Concentrations (total) of these chemicals were determined in the liver, kidney, and brain. There was rapid absorption and distribution of 8:2-FTOH after gavage administration in male rats. The plasma elimination half-life ranged from 1.1 to 1.7 hours. Kinetic parameters of 8:2-FTOH in females were similar to that in males. Bioavailability of 8:2-FTOH ranged from 22 to 41% for both sexes with no dose-dependent trends. 8:2-FTOH metabolites, PFOA and 7:3-FTA were detected in plasma following administration of the parent FTOH. Consistent with existing literature, the plasma half-life of PFOA was longer in males than in females (198–353 hours and 4.47–6.9 hours, respectively). The plasma half-life of 7:3-FTA was around 2–3 days in both sexes. 8:2-FTOH and 7:3-FTA were detected in all tissues; PFOA was found in the liver and kidney but not the brain. Detectable concentrations of metabolites persisted longer than the parent FTOH. These data demonstrate that in rats given a single gavage dose, 8:2-FTOH is rapidly absorbed, metabolized to form PFOA and 7:3-FTA, distributed to tissues, and eliminated faster than its metabolites. Sex differences were observed in the tissue distribution and elimination of PFOA, but not 8:2-FTOH and 7:3-FTA.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Concentrations and risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oils and the environment of a power plant in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

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    机译 尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲的变压器油和电厂环境中多氯联苯（PCB）的浓度和风险
    摘要：Keywords: Power plant, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Environmental quality, Incremental lifetime cancer risk, Niger Delta, Nigeria

    Abstract

    The concentrations of Ʃ14 PCBs were determined, with the aid of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), in transformer/turbine oils, soils, groundwater, and drainage water collected within a power plant in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The Ʃ14 PCB concentrations in the transformer oils, drainage water, groundwater and soils ranged from 484 to 48506 mg kg−1, 0.99 to 2.95 mg L−1, 0.16 to 0.56 mg L−1 and from 8.4 to 510 mg kg−1 respectively. The congener distribution patterns in these samples indicate the dominance of highly chlorinated homologues (hepta- and octa-PCBs). The Σ14 PCB concentrations in the transformer oils were above the provisional definition of low persistent organic pollutant (POP) content for PCBs of 50 mg kg−1 as defined in the guidelines on the management of POP waste of the Basel Convention. The concentrations of Ʃ14 PCBs in the soils were above the Dutch guideline value of 1000 μg kg−1 and the estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks relating to exposure of humans to PCBs in soils indicate serious health risks. There is therefore a need to implement a surveillance programme in the vicinity of power plants to determine the impacts on the adjacent ecosystem.
  • 10.

    【2hr】A toxicity profile of the Pheroid® technology in rodents

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    机译 Pheroid®技术在啮齿动物中的毒性特征
    摘要：Keywords: OECD guidelines, Drug carrier system, Genotoxicity, In vivo toxicity, Omega-3-acid ethyl esters

    Abstract

    The Pheroid® drug delivery system is now on the threshold of progressing into human clinical trials for various patented pharmaceutical applications and a systematic investigation of its toxicological properties in vitro and in vivo is thus a priority. Colloidal dispersions (nano- and microemulsions) demonstrate the ability to be adapted to accommodate either lipophilic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic drug molecules. The colloidal dispersions investigated during this evaluation has a general size of 200 nm - 2 μm, a zeta-potential of -25 mV and the main ingredient was ethyl esters of essential fatty acids.The Ames mutagenicity assay was performed on selected Salmonella thyphimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA102. The Ames assay included S9 metabolic activation and no mutagenicity was present during the assay. The effect of acute and subchronic administration on a biological system was investigated in two species of rodent (BALB/c mice and Sprague-Dawley rats). Observations focused on the physical condition, blood biochemical analysis and the haematological profiles. Gross necropsy was performed on all the test animals. Organ weights followed by histopathology of selected organ tissues were recorded.During the acute evaluation animals showed tolerance of the maximum prescribed dose of 2000 mg/kg (according to OECD guidelines) in two rodent species after intravenous administration (absolute bioavaibility). The oral formulation was tolerated without incidents in both acute and subchronic studies. Although valuable baseline safety data was obtained regarding the Pheroid® system, future studies with the entrapped active pharmaceutical ingredients is necessary to provide a definitive safety profile.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Determination of antibiotic residues in frozen poultry by a solid-phase dispersion method using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

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    机译 固相分散法液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定冷冻家禽中的抗生素残留
    摘要：Keywords: Antibiotic exposure, Antibiotic residues, Mass spectrometry, Frozen poultry, Solid phase extraction

    Abstract

    Importation of poultry produce into Nigeria through its land borders has heightened, notwithstanding the government’s ban on such products. This study examined imported frozen poultry products for antibiotic residues considering their health implications. A solid-phase extraction method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the positive and negative electrospray ionisation and the multiple reaction monitoring modes were employed. The antibiotics were extracted with acetonitrile-dichloromethane. Chromatographic separation was on Waters Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column with acetonitrile, and water gradient and the antibiotics analysed using Electrospray positive ionisation polarity switch in a single run of fourteen minutes. Residues of nineteen (19) antibiotics were found in the three different matrices at different levels with varying detection frequencies ranging between 2 and 4% (sulfamoxole, penicillin-G, albendazole and phebendazole) and 14–54% for all the other antibiotics. The highest number of violative samples was found in the turkey gizzard and chicken muscle. Sulfixosazole had the highest percentage violation of 80.00% in turkey gizzard while sulfamethoxazole, notwithstanding its lower frequency in chicken muscle had highest maximum concentration and 100% violation. The presence of these drugs, however, does not pose any immediate health risk.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Acute toxicity of an organophosphate insecticide sumithion to striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

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    机译 有机磷酸酯杀虫剂亚砜对条纹cat鱼Pangasianodon hypophthalmus的急性毒性
    摘要：Keywords: Organophosphate insecticide, Hematological parameters, Blood glucose, Erythrocytes, Thai pangas

    Abstract

    Sumithion is widely used for crop safety and eradication of tiger bugs (Cicindela spp.) from larval rearing aquaculture ponds. To satisfy the high demand of fries and fingerlings of widely cultured species striped catfish, spawns are produced in large scale in the hatcheries through hormone induced breeding, and subsequently these spawns are reared in nursery ponds and marketed to fingerlings vendors for stocking in grow-out ponds. Considering the importance of healthy fries and fingerlings the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of sumithion on striped catfish fingerlings. Fish were exposed for 96 h to six concentrations of sumithion (0, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mg/l) each with three replications. The 96 h LC50 value was calculated using probit analysis. After 96 h of exposure fishes were sacrificed to measure hemato-biochemical (Hemoglobin, Hb; Red blood cell, RBC; White blood cell, WBC and blood glucose) parameters. In addition, formation of micronucleus (MN) was examined in the blood erythrocytes. The 96 h LC50 value of sumithion for striped catfish was 5.886 mg/l. The values of RBCs and Hb decreased significantly in different concentrations of the toxicant compared to control, while the values of WBC and blood glucose levels showed opposite scenario. Consequently, the frequencies of formation of MN increased significantly in different concentrations of the toxicant compared to the control. The results of the current study denoted that sumithion exerts toxicity to striped catfish. It is expected that the findings of the present research will help in the development of awareness of the concerned people about the toxic effect of sumithion as well as other insecticides and pesticides in the environment.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Bioactivity and modulatory functions of Napoleona vogelii on oxidative stress-induced micronuclei and apoptotic biomarkers in mice

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    机译 拿破仑对小鼠氧化应激诱导的微核和凋亡生物标记物的生物活性和调节功能
    摘要：Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, Apoptotic biomarkers, Micronuclei, N. vogelii

    Abstract

    Napoleona vogelii is used in traditional medicine for the management of pain, inflammatory conditions and cancer.This study was conducted to investigate the modulatory mechanisms of methanol stem bark extract of N. vogelii on induction of micronuclei, apoptotic biomarkers and in vivo antioxidant enzymes in mice.Forty male albino mice were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 5) and were administered distilled water (DW, 5 mL/kg) as negative control, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of the extract respectively for 28 days before the injection of cyclophosphamide (CP, 40 mg/kg) i.p. on the 28th day. The remaining groups were administered 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of the extract only for 28 days. Twenty four hours after injection of CP or administration of the last dose of extract, animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation and blood samples collected for determination of in vivo antioxidants, the spleen harvested for immunohistochemical expression of NFκB, Bcl-2, Bax and p53. Bone marrow smears were also made for the micronucleus assay.Treatment with the extract resulted in a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) compared to CP exposed control conferring protection of 75.09, 94.74 and 96.84% at 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg respectively. In extract and CP exposed animals, there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in GSH, GST and SOD with a corresponding significant (p < 0.05) reduction in MDA. In addition, the extract significantly downregulated cytoplasmic levels of NFκB and Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax and p53.These findings demonstrate that N. vogelli may serve as an interesting lead for chemo-preventive drug development.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Dietary exposure of the Qatari population to food mycotoxins and reflections on the regulation limits

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    机译 卡塔尔人的食物对食物中的霉菌毒素的饮食暴露以及对法规限制的思考
    摘要：The article estimates the exposure of the population of Qatar to aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins, measured in food samples collected from the markets of Doha. The mycotoxin extractions were performed using the “Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe” Method (QuEChERS) and the extract measured with LC–MS/MS. High contamination with aflatoxins was detected in Nuts and Spices (e.g. 534.15 ng/g and 371.6 ng/g respectively). The estimated daily intake (EDI) level was estimated using statistical data on average Qatari population. Additionally, the probability to exceed TDI was calculated for fumonisins and ochratoxins. The results indicate high exposure to aflatoxins (with alarming values of margin of exposure, i.e. MoE).The article points to the necessity of a regular assessment and reevaluation of the concentration limits allowed in food products accounting for statistics on the population (i.e. food consumption), economic growth of the country, and monitoring of mycotoxin contamination of food as much as technological, financial and human resources of a country allows.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Multiple organ toxicity of Datura stramonium seed extracts

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    机译 曼陀罗种子提取物的多器官毒性
    摘要：Datura stramonium seed ranks top among major plants commonly abused as drug in Nigeria. The present study therefore sought to unravel the target organs of toxicity as well as underscore the role of extraction solvent in the toxicity of Datura stramonium seed. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly placed into four groups (I—IV) of five animals per group. Group I served as the control and was administered with distilled water only, while groups II, III and IV animals received 50 mg/kg body weight of aqueous, methanolic and diethylether extracts of Datura stramonium seeds by oral gavage for 14 days. Specific biomarkers of toxicity such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were estimated in the liver, brain, kidney and heart homogenates as well as serum of experimental animals. Lipid profile and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide (SOD) and catalase were determined in selected tissues while creatinine and urea were estimated in the kidney and serum. Results indicated that Datura stramonium seed extract generally caused a significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP and MDA in selected tissue homogenates while these parameters increased significantly in the serum relative to the control group. Lipid profile was significantly deranged across selected tissues while SOD and catalase activity were significantly decreased relative to control. Put together, toxicity of Datura stramonium seed extract is diverse depending on the organ involved and solvent used for its extraction. Therefore, illicit use of Datura stramonium seeds as drugs among young people should be discouraged.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Cross-species comparison of CAR-mediated procarcinogenic key events in a 3D liver microtissue model

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    机译 在3D肝显微组织模型中CAR介导的致癌关键事件的种间比较
    摘要：Characterisation of the mode of action (MOA) of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated rodent liver tumours involves measurement 5 key events including activation of the CAR receptor, altered gene expression, hepatocellular proliferation, clonal expansion and increased hepatocellular adenomas/carcinomas. To test whether or not liver 3D microtissues (LiMTs) recapitulate CAR- mediated procarcinogenic key events in response to the prototypical CAR activator phenobarbital (PB) we performed hepatocyte proliferation (LI%) analysis in rat and human LiMTs using a microTMA technology in conjunction with integrated transcriptomics (microarray) and proteomics analysis. The rationale for this approach was that LiMTs containing parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) are more physiologically representative of liver and thus would generate data more relevant to the in vivo situation. Rat and human LiMTs were treated with PB over a range of concentrations (500 uM - 2000 uM) and times (24 h - 96 h) in a dose-response/time-course analysis. There was a dose-dependent induction of LI% in rat LiMTs, however there was little or no effect of PB on LI% in human LiMTs. ATP levels in the rat and human LiMTs were similar to control in all of the PB treatments. There was also a dose- and time-dependent PB-mediated RNA induction of CAR regulated genes CYP2B6/Cyp2b2, CYP3A7/Cyp3a9 and UGT1A6/Ugt1a6 in human and rat LiMTs, respectively. These CAR regulated genes were also upregulated at the protein level. Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) indicated that there was a significant (Z score >2.0;-log p value >) activation of CAR by PB in both human and rat LiMTs. These results indicate that human and rat LiMTs showed the expected responses at the level of PB-induced hepatocyte proliferation and enzyme induction with rat LiMTs showing significant dose-dependent effects while human LiMTs showed no proliferation response but did show dose-dependent enzyme induction at the RNA and protein levels. In conclusion LiMTs serve as a model to provide mechanistic data for 3 of the 5 key events considered necessary to establish a CAR-mediated MOA for liver tumourigenesis and thus can potentially reduce the use of animals when compiling mechanistic data packages.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Curcumin protects sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

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    机译 姜黄素可保护亚硝酸钠诱导的Wistar大鼠肝毒性
    摘要：In this study, the protective effect of curcumin on sodium nitrite (NaNO2) induced hepatotoxicity was assessed in male Wistar rats. Wistar rats were administered orally daily with 20 mg/kg of curcumin for 28 days and NaNO2 was administered as a single dose of 60 mg/kg on day 28. Lipid profile, liver function biomarkers and C-reactive protein were assessed in the serum; lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants were assessed in the liver. Alanine amino transferases (94.67 U/L), aspartate amino transferases (194.33 U/L), alkaline phosphatases, C-reactive proteins (19.56 ng/L) and lipid peroxidation (8.03 × 10−6 μmol/mg protein) were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), while a significant decrease in lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL,LDL, and triglycerides): (0.61,0.37, 0.4 and 0.47 mg/dl respectively), reduced glutathione level (4.16 μmol/mg protein), and decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities with severe histological alterations were observed in the livers of rats exposed to NaNO2. Pre-treatment with curcumin significantly (P < 0.05) prevented these alterations by adjusting the lipid profile, liver function markers, and C-reactive proteins and abrogating the elevated markers of oxidative stress as supported by the liver histology. This suggests that dietary consumption of curcumin is beneficial against NaNO2 induced oxidative stress of the liver via its antioxidant potential.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health

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    机译 乌干达北部谷物中黄曲霉毒素，曲霉毒素和脱氧雪腐烯醇的流行：对食品安全和健康的影响
    摘要：Keywords: Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Deoxynivalenol, Food grains, Food safety, Uganda

    Abstract

    Mycotoxin contamination of cereals is a significant health risk for humans and animals, particularly in developing countries. To gain insight into food safety related to agricultural practices, we assessed levels of mycotoxin contamination in 105 samples of food grains raised and stored for consumption by rural households in the post-conflict districts of Kitgum and Lamwo in Northern Uganda. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination was assessed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total aflatoxin in the foods analyzed varied from nd (not detected) to 68.2 μg/Kg. Ochratoxin ranged from 0.1 to 16.4 μg/Kg. DON ranged from nd to 2606 μg/Kg. The mean concentration of total aflatoxins was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in sorghum than in millet, maize and sesame seeds. Frequency of co-occurrence of two mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 100%, with the highest being aflatoxin and ochratoxin in sorghum. Co-occurrence of all three mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 35.3%, with the highest again being in sorghum. Mean levels of aflatoxins concentration in sorghum samples were 11.8 μg/Kg, exceeding the Ugandan national regulatory limits of 10 μg/Kg. Furthermore, 46.5% of the sorghum consumed in both districts exceeded this limit, and 86.1% of sorghum samples exceeded the European Union (E.U.) maximum tolerable limit of 4 μg/Kg. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) values were in the range of 1.2 × 10−5–91.521 and 1.3 × 10−7 to 0.0059, respectively. In conclusion, our results provide evidence of high levels of mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in food grains in Northern Uganda with aflatoxins and ochratoxins at high levels in all the cereal types analyzed. Consumption of cereals cultivated in this region poses no health risk of mycotoxins exposure since HI values obtained were less than 1.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Safety evaluation of calcium L-methylfolate

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    机译 L-甲基叶酸钙的安全性评估
    摘要：Calcium L-methylfolate (L-5-MTHF-Ca; CAS Number 151533-22-1) is a source of folate and an alternative to folic acid for use in human food and food supplements. The safety of L-5-MTHF-Ca was evaluated by testing for genotoxicity, subchronic and prenatal developmental toxicity. In in vitro assays L-5-MTHF-Ca was not mutagenic and did not induce other chromosomal events. Additionally, L-5-MTHF-Ca was not genotoxic in the in vivo micronucleus test nor did it induce DNA damage in rat liver cells. In a subchronic toxicity study, rats administered up to 400 mg/kg bw/day of L-5-MTHF-Ca via oral gavage for 13 weeks had no treatment-related mortalities, and no treatment-related effects were identified on behaviour, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, haematology, or organ weights. No treatment-related macroscopic or histopathological findings were observed. Calcium and sodium levels increased with increasing dosage, however the slight increases were within historical control ranges and reversible after the recovery period. L-5-MTHF-Ca is neither teratogenic nor embryotoxic. Based on the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, the safe use of L-5-MTHF-Ca as an ingredient in foods is supported. The no observed adverse effect level was the highest dose in the subchronic toxicity study, i.e. 400 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Hyperactive behavioral phenotypes and an altered brain monoaminergic state in male offspring mice with perinatal hypothyroidism

    包量

    机译 围生期甲状腺功能减退的雄性后代小鼠的行为亢进行为表型和脑单胺能状态改变
    摘要：Keywords: Thyroid hormone, Hyperactivity, Brain development, Monoaminergic neurotransmitter, Mice

    Abstract

    Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal brain development. TH insufficiency during early stages of development may increase the risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, in which malfunction of brain monoaminergic systems is likely involved. However, little is known about the effects of perinatal hypothyroidism on behaviors and brain monoaminergic systems in offspring mice. The present study examined in mice (1) whether perinatal hypothyroidism causes hyperactive behavioral phenotypes, (2) how perinatal hypothyroidism influences brain monoaminergic systems, and (3) whether hyperactive behavioral phenotypes are associated with the state of brain monoaminergic systems. When dams were exposed to propylthiouracil, offspring mice developed hypothyroidism during the perinatal period. Offspring mice with perinatal hypothyroidism exhibited hyperactive behavioral phenotypes such as hyper-ambulatory activity and an increased response rate in the two-way active avoidance test in a male-specific manner. Significant decreases in dopamine (DA) and serotonin turnover were observed in the striatum (ST), nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and hippocampus in male mice with perinatal hypothyroidism. A significant correlation between ambulatory activity and DA turnover in the ST and an augmented ambulatory response to the DA reuptake inhibitor bupropion suggested that DA in the ST was involved in the hyper-ambulatory activity in mice with perinatal hypothyroidism.
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