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您现在的位置：首页>美国卫生研究院文献>The Journal of General Virology

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  • 刊频： Continuously updated 2017-
  • NLM标题： J Gen Virol
  • iso缩写： -
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  • 1.

    【2hr】Co-circulation of enteroviruses between apes and humans

    包量

    机译 肠病毒与人猿之间的共同循环
    摘要：A total of 139 stool samples from wild chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were screened for enteroviruses (EVs) by reverse transcription PCR. Enterovirus RNA was detected in 10 % of samples, comprising eight from 58 sampled chimpanzees (13.8 %), one from 40 bonobos (2.5 %) and five from 40 gorillas (12.2 %). Three viruses isolated from chimpanzees grouped with human isolate EV-A89 and four (four chimpanzees, one gorilla) represented a newly identified type, EV-A119. These species A virus types overlapped with those circulating in human populations in the same area. The remaining six strains comprised a new species D type, EV-D120, infecting one chimpanzee and four gorillas, and a single EV variant infecting a bonobo that was remarkably divergent from other EVs and potentially constitutes a new enterovirus species. The study demonstrates both the circulation of genetically divergent EV variants in apes and monkeys as well as those shared with local human populations.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Characterization of the Sandfly fever Naples species complex and description of a new Karimabad species complex (genus Phlebovirus family Bunyaviridae)

    包量

    机译 沙蝇热那不勒斯物种复合物的表征和一种新的Karimabad物种复合物的描述（静脉病毒属布尼亚病毒科）
    摘要：Genomic and antigenic characterization of members of the Sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) complex reveals the presence of five clades that differ in their geographical distribution. Saint Floris and Gordil viruses, both found in Africa, form one clade; Punique, Granada and Massilia viruses, all isolated in the western Mediterranean, constitute a second; Toscana virus, a third; SFNV isolates from Italy, Cyprus, Egypt and India form a fourth; while Tehran virus and a Serbian isolate Yu 8/76, represent a fifth. Interestingly, this last clade appears not to express the second non-structural protein ORF. Karimabad virus, previously classified as a member of the SFNV complex, and Gabek Forest virus are distinct and form a new species complex (named Karimabad) in the Phlebovirus genus. In contrast with the high reassortment frequency observed in some South American phleboviruses, the only virus of the SFNV complex with evidence of reassortment was Granada virus.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Characterization of a novel Negevirus and a novel Bunyavirus isolated from Culex (Culex) declarator mosquitoes in Trinidad

    包量

    机译 从特立尼达的库克斯（Culex）宣告者蚊子中分离出的新型Negevirus和新型Bunyavirus的表征
    摘要：Pools of mosquitoes were tested for insect-specific viruses using cytopathic effect (CPE) assays on Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. Illumina sequencing of RNA from pool TR7094, which produced extensive CPE 2 days post-infection, yielded the complete genome sequences of a previously unknown Bunyavirus, designated Cumuto virus (CUMV), and a second virus designated Wallerfield virus (WALV). WALV shared highest amino acid identity (60.1 %) with Dezidougou virus from Côte d’Ivoire, a positive-sense, single-strand RNA, insect-specific virus belonging to the newly proposed genus Negevirus associated with mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies. The S, M and L segments of CUMV were most closely related to those of Gouleako virus, also from Côte d’Ivoire (amino acid identities of 36 %, 38 % and 54 % respectively). Neither virus produced CPE on vertebrate cells, or illness in newborn mice. Isolation and characterization of these viruses increase our knowledge of the geographical distribution, diversity and host range of mosquito-specific bunyaviruses and negeviruses.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Wild-type and innate immune-deficient mice are not susceptible to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

    包量

    机译 野生型和先天性免疫缺陷小鼠不易患中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒
    摘要：The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly emerging highly pathogenic virus causing almost 50 % lethality in infected individuals. The development of a small-animal model is critical for the understanding of this virus and to aid in development of countermeasures against MERS-CoV. We found that BALB/c, 129/SvEv and 129/SvEv STAT1 knockout mice are not permissive to MERS-CoV infection. The lack of infection may be due to the low level of mRNA and protein for the MERS-CoV receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), in the lungs of mice. The low level of DPP4 in the lungs likely contributes to the lack of viral replication in these mouse models and suggests that a transgenic mouse model expressing DPP4 to higher levels is necessary to create a mouse model for MERS-CoV.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Human metapneumovirus inhibits the IL-6-induced JAK/STAT3 signalling cascade in airway epithelium

    包量

    机译 人类偏肺病毒抑制IL-6诱导的气道上皮细胞JAK / STAT3信号级联反应
    摘要：The host cytokine IL-6 plays an important role in host defence and prevention of lung injury from various pathogens, making IL-6 an important mediator in the host’s susceptibility to respiratory infections. The cellular response to IL-6 is mediated through a Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) signal transduction pathway. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important causative agent of viral respiratory infections known to inhibit the IFN-mediated activation of STAT1. However, little is known about the interactions between this virus and other STAT signalling cascades. Herein, we showed that hMPV can attenuate the IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 signalling cascade in lung epithelial cells. HMPV inhibited a key event in this pathway by impeding the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 in A549 cells and in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Further studies established that hMPV interrupted the IL-6-induced JAK/STAT pathway early in the signal transduction pathway by blocking the phosphorylation of JAK2. By antagonizing the IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 pathway, hMPV perturbed the expression of IL-6-inducible genes important for apoptosis, cell differentiation and growth. Infection with hMPV also differentially regulated the effects of IL-6 on apoptosis. Thus, hMPV regulation of these genes could usurp the protective roles of IL-6, and these data provide insight into an important element of viral pathogenesis.
  • 6.

    【2hr】The adenovirus 55 residue E1A protein is a transcriptional activator and binds the unliganded thyroid hormone receptor

    包量

    机译 腺病毒55残基E1A蛋白是一种转录激活因子与未结合的甲状腺激素受体结合
    摘要：The early region 1A (E1A) of human adenovirus types 2 and 5 is differentially spliced to yield five distinct mRNAs that encode different proteins. The smallest E1A RNA transcript encodes a 55 residue (55R) protein that shares only 28 amino acid residues with the other E1A proteins. Even though it is the most abundant E1A transcript at late times post-infection, little is known about the functions of this E1A isoform. In this study, we show that the E1A 55R protein interacts with, and modulates the activity of the unliganded thyroid hormone receptor (TR). We demonstrate that E1A 55R contains a signature motif known as the CoRNR box that confers interaction with the unliganded TR; this motif was originally identified in cellular corepressors. Using a system reconstituted in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lack endogenous TR and TR coregulators, we show that E1A 55R nonetheless differs from cellular corepressors as it functions as a strong co-activator of TR-dependent transcription and that it possesses an intrinsic transcriptional activation domain. These data indicate that the E1A 55R protein functions as a transcriptional regulator.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Loss of memory CD4+ T-cells in semi-wild mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) naturally infected with species-specific simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1

    包量

    机译 自然感染了物种特异性猿猴免疫缺陷病毒SIVmnd-1的半野生山rill（狮身人面像）的记忆CD4 + T细胞丢失
    摘要：Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is found in a number of African primate species and is thought to be generally non-pathogenic. However, studies of wild primates are limited to two species, with SIV infection appearing to have a considerably different outcome in each. Further examination of SIV-infected primates exposed to their natural environment is therefore warranted. We performed a large cross-sectional study of a cohort of semi-wild mandrills with naturally occurring SIV infection, including 39 SIV-negative and 33 species-specific SIVmnd-1-infected animals. This study was distinguished from previous reports by considerably greater sample size, examination of exclusively naturally infected animals in semi-wild conditions and consideration of simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV) status in addition to SIVmnd-1 infection. We found that SIVmnd-1 infection was associated with a significant and progressive loss of memory CD4+ T-cells. Limited but significant increases in markers of immune activation in the T-cell populations, significant increases in plasma neopterin and changes to B-cell subsets were also observed in SIV-infected animals. However, no increase in plasma soluble CD14 was observed. Histological examination of peripheral lymph nodes suggested that SIVmnd-1 infection was not associated with a significant disruption of the lymph node architecture. Whilst this species has evolved numerous strategies to resist the development of AIDS, significant effects of SIV infection could be observed when examined in a natural environment. STLVmnd-1 infection also had significant effects on some markers relevant to understanding SIV infection and thus should be considered in studies of SIV infection of African primates where present.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Identification of the domains of cauliflower mosaic virus protein P6 responsible for suppression of RNA silencing and salicylic acid signalling

    包量

    机译 确定负责抑制RNA沉默和水杨酸信号传导的花椰菜花叶病毒蛋白P6的结构域
    摘要：Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) encodes a 520 aa polypeptide, P6, which participates in several essential activities in the virus life cycle including suppressing RNA silencing and salicylic acid-responsive defence signalling. We infected Arabidopsis with CaMV mutants containing short in-frame deletions within the P6 ORF. A deletion in the distal end of domain D-I (the N-terminal 112 aa) of P6 did not affect virus replication but compromised symptom development and curtailed the ability to restore GFP fluorescence in a GFP-silenced transgenic Arabidopsis line. A deletion in the minimum transactivator domain was defective in virus replication but retained the capacity to suppress RNA silencing locally. Symptom expression in CaMV-infected plants is apparently linked to the ability to suppress RNA silencing. When transiently co-expressed with tomato bushy stunt virus P19, an elicitor of programmed cell death in Nicotiana tabacum, WT P6 suppressed the hypersensitive response, but three mutants, two with deletions within the distal end of domain D-I and one involving the N-terminal nuclear export signal (NES), were unable to do so. Deleting the N-terminal 20 aa also abolished the suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-dependent PR1a expression following agroinfiltration. However, the two other deletions in domain D-I retained this activity, evidence that the mechanisms underlying these functions are not identical. The D-I domain of P6 when expressed alone failed to suppress either cell death or PR1a expression and is therefore necessary but not sufficient for all three defence suppression activities. Consequently, concerns about the biosafety of genetically modified crops carrying truncated ORFVI sequences appear unfounded.
  • 9.

    【2hr】A role for endoplasmic reticulum exit sites in foot-and-mouth disease virus infection

    包量

    机译 内质网出口部位在口蹄疫病毒感染中的作用
    摘要：Picornaviruses replicate their genomes in association with cellular membranes. While enteroviruses are believed to utilize membranes of the early secretory pathway, the origin of the membranes used by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) for replication are unknown. Secretory-vesicle traffic through the early secretory pathway is mediated by the sequential acquisition of two distinct membrane coat complexes, COPII and COPI, and requires the coordinated actions of Sar1, Arf1 and Rab proteins. Sar1 is essential for generating COPII vesicles at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites (ERESs), while Arf1 and Rab1 are required for subsequent vesicle transport by COPI vesicles. In the present study, we have provided evidence that FMDV requires pre-Golgi membranes of the early secretory pathway for infection. Small interfering RNA depletion of Sar1 or expression of a dominant-negative (DN) mutant of Sar1a inhibited FMDV infection. In contrast, a dominant-active mutant of Sar1a, which allowed COPII vesicle formation but inhibited the secretory pathway by stabilizing COPII coats, caused major disruption to the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) but did not inhibit infection. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A, or expression of DN mutants of Arf1 and Rab1a, disrupted the Golgi and enhanced FMDV infection. These results show that reagents that block the early secretory pathway at ERESs have an inhibitory effect on FMDV infection, while reagents that block the early secretory pathway immediately after ER exit but before the ERGIC and Golgi make infection more favourable. Together, these observations argue for a role for Sar1 in FMDV infection and that initial virus replication takes place on membranes that are formed at ERESs.
  • 10.

    【2hr】The non-primate hepacivirus 5′ untranslated region possesses internal ribosomal entry site activity

    包量

    机译 非灵长类肝炎病毒5非翻译区具有内部核糖体进入位点活性
    摘要：The 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of the recently described non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV) contains a region with sequence homology to the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus B (GBV-B). Here, we demonstrated internal translation initiation by the NPHV 5′UTR in a bicistronic vector. An RNA stem–loop upstream of the NPHV IRES was structurally distinct from corresponding regions in HCV and GBV-B, and was not required for IRES function. Insertion of the NPHV stem–loop into the corresponding region of the HCV 5′UTR within the HCV subgenomic replicon significantly impaired RNA replication, indicating that long-range interactions between the 5′UTR and cis-acting downstream elements within the NPHV genome are not interchangeable with those of HCV. Despite similarities in IRES structure and function between hepaciviruses, replication elements in the NPHV 5′UTR appear functionally distinct from those of HCV.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein stimulates MDM2-dependent p53 degradation

    包量

    机译 汉坦病毒核衣壳蛋白刺激依赖MDM2的p53降解
    摘要：Apoptosis has been shown to be induced and downregulated by the Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleocapsid (N) protein. To address these conflicting data, expression of the p53 protein, one of the key molecules involved in apoptosis, was assessed in the presence of the N protein in A549 and HeLa cells. The amount of p53, increased by drug treatment, was reduced when cells were infected with HTNV or transfected with an expression vector of the HTNV N protein. When cells were treated with a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) or an MDM2 antagonist (Nutlin-3), p53 expression was not reduced in N protein-overexpressed cells. We concluded that the HTNV N protein ubiquitinates and degrades p53 MDM2-dependently. Here we report downregulation of p53 expression through a post-translational mechanism: MDM2-dependent ubiquitination and degradation by the HTNV N protein. These results indicate that N protein-dependent p53 degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the anti-apoptotic mechanisms employed by HTNV.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Characterization and genomic analysis of two Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages isolated from poultry/livestock farms

    包量

    机译 从家禽/畜牧场分离出的两种金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体的表征和基因组分析
    摘要：Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens, causing various diseases in humans and animals. As methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become increasingly prevalent, controlling this pathogen with standard antibiotic treatment has become challenging. Bacteriophages (phages) have attracted interest as alternative antibacterial agents to control MRSA. In this study, we isolated six S. aureus phages from soils of poultry/livestock farms. Based on the results of host range determination with 150 S. aureus strains and restriction enzyme treatment of phage DNA, two phages, designated SP5 and SP6, were selected for further characterization and genome sequencing. Both SP5 and SP6 were classified as members of the family Siphoviridae. The genome of SP5 comprises 43 305 bp and contains 63 ORFs, while the SP6 genome comprises 42 902 bp and contains 61 ORFs. Although they have different host spectra, the phage genomes exhibit high nucleotide similarity to each other. Adsorption assay results suggested that the host range determinants of the two phages are involved in both adsorption and infection. Comparative genomic analyses of the two phages provided evidence that the lysogenic/lytic control module and tail proteins may be important for host specificity.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Expression of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts does not influence latency establishment of virus mutants deficient for neuronal replication

    包量

    机译 单纯疱疹病毒1型潜伏期相关转录本的表达不影响缺乏神经元复制的病毒突变体的潜伏期
    摘要：Herpes simplex virus type 1 establishes latency within neurons of the trigeminal ganglion. During latency, viral gene expression is largely restricted to the latency-associated transcripts (LATs), which, whilst not essential for any aspect of latency, function to suppress lytic gene expression and enhance the survival of virus-infected neurons. The latent cell population comprises primary-order neurons infected directly from peripheral tissues and cells infected following further virus spread within the ganglion. In order to assess the role of LAT expression on latency establishment within first-order neurons, we infected ROSA26R reporter mice with Cre recombinase-expressing recombinant viruses harbouring deletion of the thymidine kinase lytic gene and/or the core LAT promoter. We found that LAT expression did not impact on latency establishment in viruses unable to replicate in neurons, and under these conditions, it was not required for the survival of neurons between 3 and 31 days post-infection.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Reverse transcriptase backbone can alter the polymerization and RNase activities of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase mutants K101E+G190S

    包量

    机译 逆转录酶骨架可以改变非核苷逆转录酶突变体K101E + G190S的聚合和RNase活性
    摘要：Previous work by our group showed that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) containing non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) drug resistance mutations has defects in RNase H activity as well as reduced amounts of RT protein in virions. These deficits correlate with replication fitness in the absence of NNRTIs. Viruses with the mutant combination K101E+G190S replicated better in the presence of NNRTIs than in the absence of drug. Stimulation of virus growth by NNRTIs occurred during the early steps of the virus life cycle and was modulated by the RT backbone sequence in which the resistance mutations arose. We wanted to determine what effects RT backbone sequence would have on RT content and polymerization and RNase H activities in the absence of NNRTIs. We compared a NL4-3 RT with K101E+G190S to a patient-isolate RT sequence D10 with K101E+G190S. We show here that, unlike the NL4-3 backbone, the D10 backbone sequence decreased the RNA-dependent DNA polymerization activity of purified recombinant RT compared to WT. In contrast, RTs with the D10 backbone had increased RNase H activity compared to WT and K101E+G190S in the NL4-3 backbone. D10 virions also had increased amounts of RT compared to K101E+G190S in the NL4-3 backbone. We conclude that the backbone sequence of RT can alter the activities of the NNRTI drug-resistant mutant K101E+G190S, and that identification of the amino acids responsible will aid in understanding the mechanism by which NNRTI drug-resistant mutants alter fitness and NNRTIs stimulate HIV-1 virus replication.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Complete genome sequence of invertebrate iridescent virus 22 isolated from a blackfly larva

    包量

    机译 从black蝇幼虫分离的无脊椎动物虹彩病毒22的完整基因组序列
    摘要：Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. Invertebrate iridescent virus 22 (IIV-22) was originally isolated from the larva of a blackfly (Simulium sp., order Diptera) found in the Ystwyth river, near Aberystwyth, Wales, UK. IIV-22 virions are icosahedral, with a diameter of about 130 nm and contain a dsDNA genome that is 197.7 kb in length, has a G+C content of 28.05 mol% and contains 167 coding sequences. Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of this virus and its annotation. This is the fourth genome sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus to be reported.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Recent host-shifts in ranaviruses: signatures of positive selection in the viral genome

    包量

    机译 鼻病毒的近期宿主转移：病毒基因组中阳性选择的特征
    摘要：Ranaviruses have been implicated in recent declines in global amphibian populations. Compared with the family Iridoviridae, to which the genus Ranavirus belongs, ranaviruses have a wide host range in that species/strains are known to infect fish, amphibians and reptiles, presumably due to recent host-switching events. We used eight sequenced ranavirus genomes and two selection-detection methods (site based and branch based) to identify genes that exhibited signatures of positive selection, potentially due to the selective pressures at play during host switching. We found evidence of positive selection acting on four genes via the site-based method, three of which were newly acquired genes unique to ranavirus genomes. Using the branch-based method, we identified eight additional candidate genes that exhibited signatures of dN/dS (non-synonymous/synonymous substitution rate) >1 in the clade where intense host switching had occurred. We found that these branch-specific patterns of elevated dN/dS were enriched in a small group of viral genes that have been acquired most recently in the ranavirus genome, compared with core genes that are shared among all members of the family Iridoviridae. Our results suggest that the group of newly acquired genes in the ranavirus genome may have undergone recent adaptive changes that have facilitated interspecies and interclass host switching.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Genomic analysis of coxsackieviruses A1 A19 A22 enteroviruses 113 and 104: viruses representing two clades with distinct tropism within enterovirus C

    包量

    机译 柯萨奇病毒A1A19A22肠道病毒113和104的基因组分析：代表肠道病毒C内具有不同嗜性的两个进化枝的病毒
    摘要：Coxsackieviruses (CV) A1, CV-A19 and CV-A22 have historically comprised a distinct phylogenetic clade within Enterovirus (EV) C. Several novel serotypes that are genetically similar to these three viruses have been recently discovered and characterized. Here, we report the coding sequence analysis of two genotypes of a previously uncharacterized serotype EV-C113 from Bangladesh and demonstrate that it is most similar to CV-A22 and EV-C116 within the capsid region. We sequenced novel genotypes of CV-A1, CV-A19 and CV-A22 from Bangladesh and observed a high rate of recombination within this group. We also report genomic analysis of the rarely reported EV-C104 circulating in the Gambia in 2009. All available EV-C104 sequences displayed a high degree of similarity within the structural genes but formed two clusters within the non-structural genes. One cluster included the recently reported EV-C117, suggesting an ancestral recombination between these two serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of all available complete genome sequences indicated the existence of two subgroups within this distinct Enterovirus C clade: one has been exclusively recovered from gastrointestinal samples, while the other cluster has been implicated in respiratory disease.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Human papillomavirus type 16 viral load measurement as a predictor of infection clearance

    包量

    机译 人乳头瘤病毒16型病毒载量测量可预测感染清除率
    摘要：Viral load measurements may predict whether human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 infections may become persistent and eventually lead to cervical lesions. Today, multiple PCR methods exist to estimate viral load. We tested three protocols to investigate viral load as a predictor of HPV clearance. We measured viral load in 418 HPV16-positive cervical smears from 224 women participating in the Ludwig–McGill Cohort Study by low-stringency PCR (LS-PCR) using consensus L1 primers targeting over 40 known HPV types, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) targeting the HPV16 E6 and L1 genes. HPV16 clearance was determined by MY09/11 and PGMY PCR testing on repeated smears collected over 5 years. Correlation between viral load measurements by qRT-PCR (E6 versus L1) was excellent (Spearman’s rank correlation, ρ = 0.88), but decreased for L1 qRT-PCR versus LS-PCR (ρ = 0.61). Viral load by LS-PCR was higher for HPV16 and related types independently of other concurrent HPV infections. Median duration of infection was longer for smears with high copy number by all three PCR protocols (log rank P<0.05). Viral load is inversely related to HPV16 clearance independently of concurrent HPV infections and PCR protocol.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Integrins modulate the infection efficiency of West Nile virus into cells

    包量

    机译 整合素调节西尼罗河病毒感染细胞的效率
    摘要：The underlying mechanisms allowing West Nile virus (WNV) to replicate in a large variety of different arthropod, bird and mammal species are largely unknown but are believed to rely on highly conserved proteins relevant for viral entry and replication. Consistent with this, the integrin αvβ3 has been proposed lately to function as the cellular receptor for WNV. More recently published data, however, are not in line with this concept. Integrins are highly conserved among diverse taxa and are expressed by almost every cell type at high numbers. Our study was designed to clarify the involvement of integrins in WNV infection of cells. A cell culture model, based on wild-type and specific integrin knockout cell lines lacking the integrin subunits αv, β1 or β3, was used to investigate the susceptibility to WNV, and to evaluate binding and replication efficiencies of four distinct strains (New York 1999, Uganda 1937, Sarafend and Dakar). Though all cell lines were permissive, clear differences in replication efficiencies were observed. Rescue of the β3-integrin subunit resulted in enhanced WNV yields of up to 90 %, regardless of the virus strain used. Similar results were obtained for β1-expressing and non-expressing cells. Binding, however, was not affected by the expression of the integrins in question, and integrin blocking antibodies failed to have any effect. We conclude that integrins are involved in WNV infection but not at the level of binding to target cells.
  • 20.

    【2hr】The respiratory syncytial virus nucleoprotein–RNA complex forms a left-handed helical nucleocapsid

    包量

    机译 呼吸道合胞病毒核蛋白-RNA复合物形成左旋螺旋核衣壳
    摘要：Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen. Its nucleocapsid (NC), which comprises the negative sense RNA viral genome coated by the viral nucleoprotein N, is a critical assembly that serves as template for both mRNA synthesis and genome replication. We have previously described the X-ray structure of an NC-like structure: a decameric ring formed of N-RNA that mimics one turn of the helical NC. In the absence of experimental data we had hypothesized that the NC helix would be right-handed, as the N–N contacts in the ring appeared to more easily adapt to that conformation. We now unambiguously show that the RSV NC is a left-handed helix. We further show that the contacts in the ring can be distorted to maintain key N–N-protein interactions in a left-handed helix, and discuss the implications of the resulting atomic model of the helical NC for viral replication and transcription.
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