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  • NLM标题： Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)
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  • 1.

    【2hr】Efflux transport of serum amyloid P component at the blood–brainbarrier

    包量

    机译 血清淀粉样蛋白P组分在血脑中的外流转运屏障
    摘要：Serum amyloid P component (SAP), a member of the innate immune system, does not penetrate the brain in physiological conditions; however, SAP is a stabilizing component of the amyloid plaques in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the cerebrovascular transport of human SAP in animal experiments and in culture blood–brain barrier (BBB) models. After intravenous injection, no SAP could be detected by immunohistochemistry or ELISA in healthy rat brains. Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide injection increased BBB permeability for SAP and the number of cerebral vessels labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–SAP in mice. Furthermore, when SAP was injected to the rat hippocampus, a time-dependent decrease in brain concentration was seen demonstrating a rapid SAP efflux transport in vivo. A temperature-dependent bidirectional transport of FITC–SAP was observed in rat brain endothelial monolayers. The permeability coefficient for FITC–SAP was significantly higher in abluminal to luminal (brain to blood) than in the opposite direction. The luminal release of FITC–SAP from loaded endothelial cells was also significantly higher than the abluminal one. Our data indicate the presence of BBB efflux transport mechanisms protecting the brainfrom SAP penetration. Damaged BBB integrity due to pathological insults mayincrease brain SAP concentration contributing to development ofneurodegenerative diseases.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Innate lymphoid cells in the defense against infections

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    机译 先天淋巴样细胞可抵抗感染
    • 作者：Andreas Diefenbach
    • 刊名：European Journal of Microbiology Immunology
    • 2013年第3期
    摘要：Barrier surfaces are under constant attack by potentially dangerous microbes. Interestingly, mucosal tissues contain a large number of innate lymphocytes now collectively referred to as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Different groups of ILCs are being distinguished, each of which produce an array of cytokines strikingly resembling the profile of the various T helper cell effector subsets. Over the last couple of years, evidence has been emerging that the various ILC subsets play important roles in immune defense against mucosal infections. In this review, I will introduce the various groups of ILCs and then focus on their roles for immunity to mucosal infections.
  • 3.

    【2hr】The lysine gingipain adhesin domains from Porphyromonasgingivalis interact with erythrocytes and albumin: Structures correlate tofunction

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    机译 卟啉单胞菌的赖氨酸姜黄素粘附域牙龈与红细胞和白蛋白相互作用：结构与功能
    摘要：The crystal structure of the K1 domain, an adhesin module of the lysine gingipain (Kgp) expressed on the cell surface by the periodontopathic anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, is compared to the previously determined structures of homologues K2 and K3, all three being representative members of the cleaved adhesin domain family. In the structure of K1, the conformation of the most extensive surface loop is unexpectedly perturbed, perhaps by crystal packing, and is displaced from a previously reported arginine-anchored position observed in K2 and K3. This displacement allows the loop to become free to interact with other proteins; the alternate flipped-out loop conformation is a novel mechanism for interacting with target host proteins, other bacteria, or other gingipain protein domains. Further, the K1 adhesin module, like others, is found to be haemolytic in vitro, and so, functions in erythrocyte recognition thereby contributing to the haemolytic function of Kgp. K1 was also observed to selectively bind to haem-albumin with high affinity, suggesting this domain may be involved in gingipain-mediated haem acquisition from haem-albumin. Therefore, it is most likely that all cleaved adhesin domains of Kgp contribute to the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis in more complex ways than simply mediating bacterial adherence.
  • 4.

    【2hr】Extracellular secretion of protease HtrA from Campylobacterjejuni is highly efficient and independent of its protease activity and flagellum

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    机译 弯曲杆菌蛋白酶HtrA的细胞外分泌空肠是高效的并且独立于其蛋白酶活性和鞭毛
    摘要：The serine protease HtrA of C. jejuni has been identified as a novel secreted virulence factor which opens cell-to-cell junctions by cleaving E-cadherin. Efficient C. jejuni transmigration across polarized human epithelial cells requires the intact flagellum and HtrA; however, the mechanism of HtrA secretion into the supernatant is unknown. Here we show that HtrA secretion is highly efficient and does not require its proteolytic activity because the protease-inactive S197A mutant is secreted like wild-type HtrA. In addition, the flagellar mutants ΔflaA/B, ΔfliI, ΔflgH, ΔflhA, ΔflhB, and ΔflgS were also able to secrete HtrA in high amounts, while they were strongly attenuated in secreting the well-known invasion antigen CiaB. We also tested several culture media and cell lines of different origin such as human, mouse, hamster, dog, and chicken for their ability to influence HtrA secretion. Interestingly, HtrA was effectively secreted in the presence of most but not all cell lines and media, albeit at different levels, but secretion was significantly higher when fetal calf serum (FCS) was added. These results demonstrate that HtrA secretion by Campylobacter proceeds independent of HtrA’s protease activity, the flagellum and origin of cell lines, but can be strongly enhanced by molecular compound(s)present in FCS.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Survey of extra-intestinal immune responses in asymptomatic long-termCampylobacter jejuni-infected mice

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    机译 无症状长期肠道外免疫反应调查空肠弯曲菌感染的小鼠
    摘要：Campylobacter jejuni is among the most frequently reported bacterial pathogens causing diarrhea in humans worldwide. We recently reported a murine infection model mimicking key features of human campylobacteriosis. Six days following oral C. jejuni infection immediately after weaning, infant mice developed acute enterocolitis resolving within 2 weeks. Thereafter, C. jejuni could still be isolated from the intestines of asymptomatic mice at low levels accompanied by distinct immune responses, both at intestinal and extra-intestinal locations. We here show that, at day 103 post infection (p.i.), long-term C. jejuni-infected mice exhibited higher numbers of T lymphocytes in liver, lung, kindneys, and cardiac muscle as compared to uninfected controls. In addition, B lymphocytes were slightly higher, but macrophage numbers were significantly lower in liver and lung of C. jejuni-infected versus naive mice. As compared to uninfected control animals, proliferating cells were significantly lower in liver, lung, kidneys, cardiac muscle, and spleen at day 103 p.i., whereas more apoptotic cells were abundant in the spleen with predominance in the red pulp. This study underlines that post-infectious, immunological sequelae at extra-intestinal locations are of importance even in asymptomatic long-term C. jejuni carriers and need to be further studied in order to unravelthe underlying molecular mechanisms.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in three different Arab world countries

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    机译 在三个阿拉伯世界国家中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的分子表征
    摘要：Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in three different Arab world countries (West Bank of Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq) was the aim of the study presented here. This is done on the basis of spa sequencing and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. The majority (92%) of the spa-tested isolates belonged to spa type t932 and possessed the (SCCmec) type III. These data suggest that MRSA clone, which harbors the spa type t932 and (SCCmec) type III, had been transferred throughout the three studied countries.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Inactivation of rickettsiae

    包量

    机译 立克次体的灭活
    摘要：A reliable and complete inactivation is an indispensable premise for any concentration of rickettsiae or for the development of diagnostic strategies based on their antigens. This study deals with the testing of methods to inactivate rickettsiae.Rickettsia honei was used as a model organism. The inactivating potency of formalin, Qiagen® antiviral lysozyme (AVL) buffer, heating to 56 °C, and β-propiolactone was analyzed in cell culture.The inactivation limits for rickettsiae were 0.1% formalin about 10 min, Qiagen AVL buffer about 5 min, 56 °C about 5 min, 0.125% β-propiolactone about 1 h, and 0.0125% β-propiolactone overnight. The interpretation was limited by cytotoxic effects of the inactivation procedures and by the culturally achievable rickettsial density in the cell culture supernatants that were used for the inactivation experiments.Reliable modes of inactivation were identified, allowing for the secure handling of rickettsial antigens for diagnostic purposes.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Comparison of different media for preservation and transport of viablerickettsiae

    包量

    机译 比较各种保存和运输可行的培养基立克次体
    摘要：Rickettsiae tend to have a rapid decrease of viability outside living cells. Therefore, the transport of samples containing viable rickettsiae for culturing in cell culture for diagnostic purposes is challenging.The viability of rickettsiae in different transport media (commercially available transport medium COPAN “UTM-RT transport medium for viruses, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma,” minimal essential medium (MEM) with and without 10% foetal calf serum) at various time points at 4 °C and at ambient temperature (22 °C) was compared. Rickettsia honei was used as model organism.After 2 weeks of storage at room temperature, no viable rickettsiae were detectable any more while storage at 4 °C kept rickettsiae viable for up to 4 weeks. The commercially available COPAN medium showed similarly good or slightly better stabilizing effects on rickettsiae compared with MEM + 10% foetal calf serum, pure MEM demonstrated the poorest results.It is important to transport and store media with potentially rickettsiae-containing samples at 4 °C to prevent inactivation. MEM + 10% foetal calf serum can be used if no commercial medium is available with similarly good results.
  • 9.

    【2hr】Actin assessment in addition to specific immuno-fluorescence staining todemonstrate rickettsial growth in cell culture

    包量

    机译 肌动蛋白评估除特异性免疫荧光染色外证明细胞培养中的立克次氏体生长
    摘要：Rickettsiae are able to spread within infected cell mono-layers by modifying intra-cellular actin formations. The study analyzes whether a visualization of actin modifications in addition to specific immuno-fluorescence staining of rickettsiae might facilitate the proof of rickettsial growth in cell culture.Cell mono-layers of Vero E6 und BGM cells were infected with Rickettsia honei. Intra-cellular actin was fluorescence stained with TRITC-(tetra-methyl-5,6-isothiocyanate)-labeled phalloidin in addition to specific immuno-fluorescence staining of rickettsiae with FITC-(fluorescein-isothiocyanate)-labeled antibodies. DNA of bacteria and cells was counter-stained with DAPI (4´,6-diamino-2-phenyl-indole). Cell cultures infected with Vaccinia virus were used as positive controls, cell cultures infected with Coxiella burnetii as negative controls.High concentrations of R. honei are necessary to demonstrate characteristic modifications of the intra-cellular actin. This effect is more pronounced in Vero E6 cells than in BGM cells.Actin staining with phalloidin is not suited for an early proof of rickettsial growth in cell culture but may confirm unclear findings in specific immuno-fluorescence staining in case of sufficient bacterial density.
  • 10.

    【2hr】Effects of easy-to-perform procedures to reduce bacterial colonization withStreptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus ontoothbrushes

    包量

    机译 易于执行的程序对减少细菌定殖的影响变形链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌牙刷
    摘要：It is well known that dental caries and periodontitis are the consequence of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on the enamel surface. The continuous presence of bacterial biofilms on the tooth surface results in demineralization of the tooth enamel and induces an inflammatory reaction of the surrounding gums (gingivitis). The retention and survival of microorganisms on toothbrushes pose a threat of recontamination especially for certain patients at risk for systemic infections originating from the oral cavity, e.g., after T-cell depleted bone marrow transplantation. Thus, the effects of different decolonization schemes on bacterial colonization of toothbrushes were analyzed, in order to demonstrate their applicability to reduce the likelihood of (auto-)reinfections.Toothbrushes were intentionally contaminated with standardized suspensions of Streptococcus mutans or Staphylococcus aureus. Afterwards, the toothbrushes were exposed to rinsing under distilled water, rinsing and drying for 24 h, 0.2% chlorhexidine-based decolonization, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The remaining colony forming units were compared with freshly contaminated positive controls. Each experiment was nine-fold repeated. Bi-factorial variance analysis was performed; significance was accepted at P < 0.05.All tested procedures led to a significant reduction of bacteral colonization irrespective of the toothbrush model, the brush head type, or the acitivity state. Chlorhexidine-based decolonization was shown to be superior to rinsing and slightlysuperior to rinsing and drying for 24 h, while UV radiation was similarly effective aschlorhexidine. UV radiation was slightly less prone to species-dependent limitations ofits decolonizing effects by bristle thickness of toothbrushes than chlorhexidin.Reduction of bacterial colonization of toothbrushes might reduce the risk of maintainingbacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Accordingly, respective proceduresare advisable, particularly as they are cheap and easy to perform.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Tim-3 is differently expressed in genetically susceptible C57BL/6 andresistant BALB/c mice during oral infection with Toxoplasmagondii

    包量

    机译 Tim-3在遗传易感的C57BL / 6和弓形虫口腔感染期间耐药的BALB / c小鼠贡迪
    摘要：Tim-3 has opposing roles in innate and adaptive immunities. It not only dampens CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responses but also enhances the ability of macrophages to eliminate intracellular pathogens. After peroral infection with 100 cysts of Toxoplasma gondii genetically susceptible C57BL/6 mice develop an unchecked Th1 response associated with the development of small intestinal immunopathology. Here we report that upon infection with T. gondii, both susceptible C57BL/6 and resistant BALB/c mice exhibit increased frequencies of Tim-3+ cells in spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes. The number of Tim-3+ cells was significantly higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c mice. Tim-3 was expressed by macrophages, dendritic, natural killer, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Highest frequencies of Tim-3+ cells were observed at the peak of Th1 responses (day 7 post infection) concurrent with the development of ileal immunopathology. Infected Tim-3-deficient BALB/c mice did not develop ileal immunopathology nor did their parasite loads differ from those in wildtype BALB/c mice. Thus, although Tim-3 is markedly upregulated upon infection and differentially regulated in susceptible and resistant mice upon infection with T. gondii, the absence of Tim-3 is not sufficient to overcome the genetic resistance of BALB/c mice to the development of Th1-driven small intestinal immunopathology.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Colonization resistance against genetically modified Escherichiacoli K12 (W3110) strains is abrogated following broad-spectrum antibiotictreatment and acute ileitis

    包量

    机译 对转基因大肠杆菌的定植抗性广谱抗生素消除了大肠杆菌K12（W3110）菌株治疗和急性回肠炎
    摘要：Escherichia coli K12 (EcK12) is commonly used for gene technology purposes and regarded as a security strain due to its inability to adhere to epithelial cells. The conventional intestinal microbiota composition is critical for physiological colonization resistance against most bacterial species including pathogens. We were therefore interested whether intestinal colonization by a genetically modified EcK12 (W3110) strain carrying a chloramphenicol resistance cassette was facilitated following broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment eradicating the intestinal microbiota or induction of small intestinal inflammation accompanied by distinct microbiota shifts. Whereas conventional C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice had virtually expelled the EcK12 (W3110) strain within the first 3 days upon peroral infection, EcK12 (W3110) could establish within the small and large intestines of gnotobiotic mice generated by quintuple antibiotic treatment. Gnotobiotic mice perorally infected with EcK12 (W3110) plus fecal transplant from conventional donors harbored lower intestinal EcK12 (W3110) loads compared to animals challenged with EcK12 (W3110) alone. Furthermore, EcK12 (W3110) infection of conventional mice after but not before induction of ileitis resulted in stable colonization of ileum and colon by EcK12 (W3110). Taken together, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and intestinal inflammation compromise colonization resistance and thus facilitatecolonization of the intestinal tract with genetically modified EcK12 security strains.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Impact of metal ion homeostasis of genetically modified Escherichiacoli Nissle 1917 and K12 (W3110) strains on colonization properties in themurine intestinal tract

    包量

    机译 转基因大肠杆菌金属离子稳态的影响大肠杆菌Nissle 1917和K12（W3110）菌株在大肠杆菌中的定殖特性鼠肠
    摘要：Metal ions are integral parts of pro- as well as eukaryotic cell homeostasis. Escherichia coli proved a valuable in vitro model organism to elucidate essential mechanisms involved in uptake, storage, and export of metal ions. Given that E. coli Nissle 1917 is able to overcome murine colonization resistance, we generated several E. coli Nissle 1917 mutants with defects in zinc, iron, copper, nickel, manganese homeostasis and performed a comprehensive survey of the impact of metal ion transport and homeostasis for E. coli colonization capacities within the murine intestinal tract. Seven days following peroral infection of conventional mice with E. coli Nissle 1917 strains exhibiting defined defects in zinc or iron uptake, the respective mutant and parental strains could be cultured at comparable, but low levels from the colonic lumen. We next reassociated gnotobiotic mice in which the microbiota responsible for colonization resistance was abrogated by broad-spectrum antibiotics with six different E. coli K12 (W3110) mutants. Seven days following peroral challenge, each mutant and parental strain stably colonized duodenum, ileum, and colon at comparable levels. Taken together, defects in zinc, iron, copper, nickel, and manganese homeostasis do not compromise colonization capacities of E. coli in the murine intestinaltract.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Microencapsulation technology by nature: Cell derived extracellular vesicleswith therapeutic potential

    包量

    机译 微囊化技术的本质：细胞衍生的细胞外囊泡具有治疗潜力
    摘要：Cell derived extracellular vesicles are submicron structures surrounded by phospholipid bilayer and released by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The sizes of these vesicles roughly fall into the size ranges of microbes, and they represent efficient delivery platforms targeting complex molecular information to professional antigen presenting cells. Critical roles of these naturally formulated units of information have been described in many physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are not only potential biomarkers and possible pathogenic factors in numerous diseases, but they are also considered as emerging therapeutic targets and therapeutic vehicles. Strikingly, current drug delivery systems, designed to convey therapeutic proteins and peptides (such as liposomes), show many similarities to extracellular vesicles. Here we review some aspects of therapeutic implementation of natural, cell-derived extracellular vesicles in human diseases. Exploration of molecular and functional details of extracellular vesicle release and action may provide important lessons for the design of future drug delivery systems.
  • 15.

    【2hr】Non-culture-based methods to diagnose bloodstream infection: Does itwork?

    包量

    机译 基于非文化的方法来诊断血流感染：是否可以工作？
    摘要：Bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Molecular methods for the detection of pathogens in blood have been developed. The clinical utility of these methods and their integration into the clinical workflow is discussed.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Hypersensitive response – A biophysical phenomenon ofproducers

    包量

    机译 过敏反应–的生物物理现象生产者
    摘要：Hypersensitive response/reaction is a form of the cellular demise frequently linked alongside plant resistance against pathogen infection. Main transducers for this reaction are the intermediates of reactive oxygen and ion fluxes which are plausibly needed for hypersensitive response (Hpr Sen Rsp). An immediate and enormous energy production and its intra-cellular biochemical conduction are imperative for an Hpr Sen Rsp to be occurred. A number of studies proved that there are such diverse types of factors involved in triggering of Hpr Sen Rsp that morphologies of dead cells have become a vast topic of study. Hpr Sen Rsp could play a frolic role in plants as certain programmed cellular disintegrations in other organisms, to restrict pathogen growth. In fact, Hpr Sen Rsp can be involved in all types of tissues and most of the developmental stages.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Genetic determinants and biofilm formation of clinical Staphylococcusepidermidis isolates from blood cultures and indwelling devises

    包量

    机译 临床葡萄球菌的遗传决定因素和生物膜形成表皮分离物来自血液培养和留置装置
    摘要：For a long time, Staphylococcus epidermidis, as a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci, was considered as part of the physiological skin flora of the human being with no pathogenic significance. Today, we know that S. epidermidis is one of the most prevalent causes for implant-associated and nosocomial infections. We performed pheno- and genotypic analysis (ica, IS256, SCCmec types, agr groups) of biofilm formation in 200 isolates. Fifty percent were genetically ica-positive and produced biofilm. Among all studied isolates, agr II and III and SCCmec type I were the most prevalent, whereas within the selected multi-resistant isolates (29%), agr I and III and SCCmec type II dominated. SCCmec type I and mecA-negative S. epidermidis isolates were associated with agr II. The majority of the blood culture and biopsy isolates were assigned to agr III and SCCmec type I, whereas agr II was predominantly detected in mecA-negative S. epidermidis isolated from catheter and implant materials. MLST analysis revealed the major clonal lineages of ST2, ST5, ST10, andST242 (total 13 STs). ST2 isolates from blood cultures wereicaA/D-positive and harbored SCCmec types II and III andIS256, whereas the icaA/D- andIS256-positive ST23 isolates were assigned to SCCmectypes I and IV.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Pathotyping blaCTX-MEscherichia coli from Nigeria

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    机译 病理分型blaCTX-M尼日利亚的大肠杆菌
    摘要：Background:Escherichia coli have become the enterobacteriaceae species most affected by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in view of the emergence of CTX-M-type ESBLs. These CTX-M-positive E. coli have been reported in numerous regions worldwide. Virulence determinants of already reported CTX-M-positive E. coli were investigated.
  • 19.

    【2hr】Pro-inflammatory potential of Escherichia coli strains K12and Nissle 1917 in a murine model of acute ileitis

    包量

    机译 大肠杆菌K12菌株的促炎潜力和Nissle 1917在急性回肠炎的小鼠模型中
    摘要：Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (Ec) strains K12 (EcK12) and Nissle 1917 (EcN) are used for gene technology and probiotic treatment of intestinal inflammation, respectively. We investigated intestinal colonization and potential pro-inflammatory properties of EcK12, EcN, and commensal E. coli (EcCo) strains in Toxoplasma (T.) gondii-induced acute ileitis. Whereas gnotobiotic animals generated by quintuple antibiotic treatment were protected from ileitis, mice replenished with conventional microbiota suffered from small intestinal necrosis 7 days post-T. gondii infection (p.i.). Irrespective of the Ec strain, recolonized mice revealed mild to moderate histopathological changes in their ileal mucosa. Upon stable recolonization with EcK12, EcN, or EcCo, development of inflammation was accompanied by pro-inflammatory responses at day 7 p.i., including increased ileal T lymphocyte and apoptotic cell numbers compared to T. gondii-infected gnotobiotic controls. Strikingly, either Ec strain was capable to translocate to extra-intestinal locations, such as MLN, spleen, and liver. Taken together, Ec strains used in gene technology and probiotic treatment are able to exert inflammatory responses in a murine model of small intestinal inflammation. In conclusion, the therapeutic use of Ec strains in patients with broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and/or intestinalinflammation should be considered with caution.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Prevalence of tet genes mediating tetracycline resistance inEscherichia coli clinical isolates in Osun State,Nigeria

    包量

    机译 介导四环素抗性的tet基因的流行大森州的大肠杆菌临床分离株奈及利亚
    摘要：The occurrence of tetracycline resistance determinants in 203 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from clinical samples at three different hospitals in Nigeria between June 2009 and May 2010 was investigated. The isolates were subjected to standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility to a panel of eight antibiotics was also performed, and resistance genes were detected with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. One hundred and six E. coli isolates (52.2%) were obtained at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo, 85 (41.9%) from OAUTHC Ile Ife and 12 (5.9%) from Osun State Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo. Result of the disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test showed 96.1% isolates to be resistant to ampicillin, 77.8% to tetracycline, 37.9% to cotrimoxazole, 38.4% to nalidixic acid, 20.7% to ofloxacin, 17.7% to ceftriaxone, 11.8% to gentamycin, and 2% to nitrofurantoin. One hundred and sixty two (79.9%) isolates had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline ≥ 128 μg/ml. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected tetA gene in 89 (43.8%) isolates, tetB gene in 65 (32.0%), and both tetA and tetB genes in 9 (4.4%) isolates. The study demonstrated a relatively high level of gene mediated antibiotic resistance to tetracycline and other antibiotics in E. coli clinical isolates in Southwest region of Nigeria.
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