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  • NLM标题： Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)
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  • 1.

    【2hr】A literature survey on antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects of butyrate revealing non-antibiotic approaches to tackle bacterial infections

    包量

    机译 丁酸盐露出抗菌和免疫调节作用的文献调查显示非抗生素方法以解决细菌感染
    摘要：The excessive prescription of antibiotics has led to an increasing number of antimicrobial resistances, posing a major public health concern. Therefore, the pharmacological research has shifted its focus to the identification of natural compounds that exhibit anti-pathogenic properties without triggering antibiotic resistance. Butyrate has received increasing attention as a promising candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly when antibiotic treatment is contraindicated. This literature survey summarizes recently investigated antibacterial and immunemodulatory effects of butyrate. This survey revealed that butyrate exerts direct antimicrobial effects against distinct strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus species. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed indirect antimicrobial effects of butyrate, which were exhibited via induction of host defensin production as well as by activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, the synergistic action of butyrate in combination with other antimicrobial compounds results in a striking clearance of bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, butyrate and its derivatives might be considered as promising antibacterial and immune-modulatory agents in order to tackle bacterial infections without antibiotics.
  • 2.

    【2hr】Antibacterial properties of capsaicin and its derivatives and their potential to fight antibiotic resistance – A literature survey

    包量

    机译 辣椒素及其衍生物的抗菌性质及其对抗抗生素抗性的潜力 - 一种文献调查
    摘要：Antibiotic resistance is endangering public health globally and gives reason for constant fear of virtually intractable bacterial infections. Given a limitation of novel antibiotic classes brought to market in perspective, it is indispensable to explore novel, antibiotics-independent ways to fight bacterial infections. In consequence, the antibacterial properties of natural compounds have gained increasing attention in pharmacological sciences. We here performed a literature survey regarding the antibacterial effects of capsaicin and its derivatives constituting natural compounds of chili peppers. The studies included revealed that the compounds under investigation exerted i.) both direct and indirect antibacterial properties in vitro depending on the applied concentrations and the bacterial strains under investigation; ii.) synergistic antibacterial effects in combination with defined antibiotics; iii.) resistance-modification via inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps; iv.) attenuation of bacterial virulence factor expression; and v.) dampening of pathogen-induced immunopathological responses. In conclusion, capsaicin and its derivatives comprise promising antimicrobial molecules which could complement or replace antibiotic treatment strategies to fight bacterial infections. However, a solid basis for subsequent clinical trials requires future investigations to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and in particular pharmaceutical evaluations in animal infection models.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Binary surrogate endpoints in clinical trials from the perspective of case definitions

    包量

    机译 案例定义视角下的临床试验中的二元代理终点
    摘要：
  • 4.

    【2hr】Oxycytosis and the role of triboelectricity and oxidation in bacteria clearing from the bloodstream

    包量

    机译 令人敌对的毒性和摩擦和氧化在血液中的细菌中的作用
    • 作者：HAYK MINASYAN
    • 刊名：European Journal of Microbiology Immunology
    • 2021年第2期
    摘要：Until recently, little was known about the mechanism for killing and clearing bacteria from the bloodstream. Leukocyte phagocytosis could not be a mechanism for catching, killing and removing bacteria from the bloodstream because of many reasons. Recently accumulated data have led to the conclusion that in bacteremia, bacteria are quickly removed from the blood and erythrocytes are the main cells that capture, kill and remove bacteria. Data were also obtained that erythrocytes catch bacteria by triboelectric charge attraction and kill them by oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin. This phenomenon has been named oxycytosis by analogy with the term phagocytosis. Oxycytosis has been discussed in a number of published articles, but the specific mechanism of triboelectric charging and the mechanism of killing bacteria by oxidation, have not yet been detailed. The purpose of this review is to provide a more detailed explanation of the process of triboelectric charging and capture of bacteria by erythrocytes and destruction of bacteria by oxidation. For the first time, the review presents various variants of oxycytosis (two-stage, three-stage, multi-stage), depending on the resistance of the pathogen to oxidation. The review also discusses the biological significance of oxycytosis and its impact on the understanding of bacteremia and sepsis.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Antimicrobial resistance of the enteric protozoon Giardia duodenalis – A narrative review

    包量

    机译 肠道原生子子吉亚迪亚Duodenalis的抗微生物抗性 - 叙事综述
    摘要：As therapy-refractory giardiasis is an emerging health issue, this review aimed at summarizing mechanisms of reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in Giardia duodenalis and strategies to overcome this problem.
  • 6.

    【2hr】Self-defense of human sarcoma cells against cytolytic lymphoid cells of their host

    包量

    机译 对宿主细胞溶解淋巴细胞的人体肉瘤细胞的自卫
    摘要：Metastatic human sarcomas temporarily respond to radio-chemotherapy relapse and remain highly resistant to further combination chemotherapy as to a curative effect, including checkpoint control.
  • 7.

    【2hr】A review of the antimicrobial and immune-modulatory properties of the gut microbiotaderived short chain fatty acid propionate – What is new?

    包量

    机译 对肠道微生物的抗微生物和免疫调节特性的综述丙酸盐丙酸的抗菌和免疫调节性能 - 什么是新的？
    摘要：As antimicrobial resistance poses a globally rising health problem, the identification of alternative antimicrobial agents is urgently required. The short chain fatty acid propionate which is physiologically produced by the gut microbiota constitutes a promising molecule given that it has been widely used as a cosmetics and food preservative due to its antimicrobial effects. This literature survey aims to determine the most recent state of knowledge about the antimicrobial and immune-modulatory properties of propionate. Both in vitro and in vivo studies published between 2011 and 2020 confirmed the ability of propionate to inhibit the growth of several cellular pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria and fungi. In addition, heterogenous immune-modulatory and in particular, anti-inflammatory effects of propionate could be assessed involving a diverse signaling network that needs further comprehension. In conclusion, our literature survey provides evidence that propionate displays a plethora of health-beneficial including antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects. Future research is required to further unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms and to set the basis for in vivo infection and clinical studies to broaden the path of propionate as a promising adjunct antibiotics-independent option in the combat of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
  • 8.

    【2hr】Influence of Immune Status on the Airborne Colonization of Piglets with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Clonal Complex (CC) 398

    包量

    机译 免疫状态对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）克隆复合物（CC）的仔猪的空气定居的影响398
    摘要：Colonized vertebrates including humans and pigs are to date the main reservoirs of livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant (LA-MRSA). Currently, the mechanisms underlying colonization of pigs are not fully understood.
  • 9.

    【2hr】No Genotoxicity Is Detectable for Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917 by Standard In Vitro and In Vivo Tests

    包量

    机译 通过标准的体外和体内测试未检测到大肠杆菌菌株Nissle 1917的基因毒性
    摘要：Probiotic strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) has a long history of safe use. However, the recently discovered presence of a locus in its genome presumably producing colibactin has questioned its safety, as colibactin has been implicated in genotoxicity. Here, we assess the genotoxic potential of EcN. Metabolic products were tested in vitro by the Ames test, a mutagenicity assay developed to detect point mutation-inducing activity. Live EcN were tested by an adapted Ames test. Neither the standard nor the adapted Ames test resulted in increased numbers of revertant colonies, indicating that EcN metabolites or viable cells lacked mutagenic activity. The in vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay (the gold standard for detecting DNA-strand breaks) was used to determine potentially induced DNA-strand breaks in cells of the gastro-intestinal tract of rats orally administered with viable EcN. Bacteria were given at 10 –10 colony forming units (CFU) per animal by oral gavage on 2 consecutive days and daily for a period of 28 days to 5 rats per group. No significant differences compared to negative controls were found. These results demonstrate that EcN does not induce DNA-strand breaks and does not have any detectable genotoxic potential in the test animals.
  • 10.

    【2hr】SHP2-Independent Tyrosine Dephosphorylation of Cortactin and Vinculin during Infection with Helicobacter pylori

    包量

    机译 幽门螺杆菌感染期间SHP2独立的酪氨酸和Vinculin酪氨酸去磷酸化
    摘要：The gastric pathogen colonizes approximately half of the human world population. The bacterium injects the effector protein cytotoxin associated gene A (CagA) via a type-IV secretion system into host epithelial cells, where the protein becomes phosphorylated at specific EPIYA-motifs by cellular kinases. Inside the host cell, CagA can interact with over 25 different proteins in both phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent manners, resulting in manipulation of host-cell signaling pathways. During the course of an infection, certain host-cell proteins undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation in a CagA-dependent manner, including the actin-binding proteins cortactin and vinculin. A predominant response of intracellular CagA is the binding and activation of tyrosine phosphatase, the human Src-homology-region-2-domain-containing-phosphatase-2 (SHP2). Here, we considered the possibility that activated SHP2 might be responsible for the dephosphorylation of cortactin and vinculin. To investigate this, phosphatase inhibitor studies were performed. Additionally, a complete knockout mutant of SHP2 in AGS cells was created by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and these cells were infected with However, neither the presence of an inhibitor nor the inactivation of SHP2 prevented the dephosphorylation of cortactin and vinculin upon CagA delivery. Tyrosine dephosphorylation of these proteins is therefore independent of SHP2 and instead must be caused by another, as yet unidentified, protein tyrosine phosphatase.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil – A military medical perspective

    包量

    机译 综述：孢子污染土壤收缩炭疽的风险 - 军事医学视角
    摘要：Anthrax is an infectious disease of relevance for military forces. Although spores of obiquitously occur in soil, reports on soil-borne transmission to humans are scarce. In this narrative review, the potential of soil-borne transmission of anthrax to humans is discussed based on pathogen-specific characteristics and reports on anthrax in the course of several centuries of warfare. In theory, anthrax foci can pose a potential risk of infection to animals and humans if sufficient amounts of virulent spores are present in the soil even after an extended period of time. In praxis, however, transmissions are usually due to contacts with animal products and reported events of soil-based transmissions are scarce. In the history of warfare, even in the trenches of World War I, reported anthrax cases due to soil-contaminated wounds are virtually absent. Both the perspectives and the experience of the Western hemisphere and of former Soviet Republics are presented. Based on the accessible data as provided in the review, the transmission risk of anthrax by infections of wounds due to spore-contaminated soil is considered as very low under the most circumstance. Active historic anthrax foci may, however, still pose a risk to the health of deployed soldiers.
  • 12.

    【2hr】Relevance of anaerobic bacteremia in adult patients: A never-ending story?

    包量

    机译 成人患者厌氧菌血症的相关性：永不结尾的故事？
    摘要：Obligate anaerobic bacteria are considered important constituents of the microbiota of humans; in addition, they are also important etiological agents in some focal or invasive infections and bacteremia with a high level of mortality. Conflicting data have accumulated over the last decades regarding the extent in which these pathogens play an intrinsic role in bloodstream infections. Clinical characteristics of anaerobic bloodstream infections do not differ from bacteremia caused by other pathogens, but due to their longer generation time and rigorous growth requirements, it usually takes longer to establish the etiological diagnosis. The introduction of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has represented a technological revolution in microbiological diagnostics, which has allowed for the fast, accurate and reliable identification of anaerobic bacteria at a low sample cost. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the currently available literature data on the prevalence of anaerobic bacteremia in adults for physicians and clinical microbiologists and to shed some light on the complexity of this topic nowadays.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Toxoplasma gondii infection and multiple sclerosis: An age- and a gender-matched case-control seroprevalence study

    包量

    机译 弓形虫感染和多发性硬化症：年龄和性别匹配的案例控制Seroprevalences研究
    摘要：The link between infection and multiple sclerosis remains controversial. In the present study, we aimed to determine the association between seropositivity and multiple sclerosis. Using an age- and gender-matched case-control study, we studied 45 patients who had multiple sclerosis attended in two public hospitals and 225 control subjects without this disease and other neurological disorders in Durango City, Mexico. Serum samples of cases and controls were analyzed for detection of anti IgG using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay. One (2.22%) of the 45 patients with multiple sclerosis, and 15 (6.67%) of the 225 control subjects without this disease were seropositive for anti- IgG antibodies. No statistically significant difference (OR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.04–2.47; 0.48) in seroprevalence of anti- IgG antibodies between cases and controls was found. The frequency of seropositivity did not vary among cases and controls about sex or age groups. Results of this study do not support an association between seropositivity to and multiple sclerosis. However, additional research with larger sample sizes to confirm this lack of association should be conducted.
  • 14.

    【2hr】The conundrum of colonization resistance against Campylobacter reloaded: The gut microbota composition in conventional mice does not prevent from Campylobacter coli infection

    包量

    机译 对弯曲杆菌的沉肠抗性抗肠杆菌抗性：常规小鼠中的肠道微生物酵母组合物不会阻止弯曲杆菌感染
    摘要：
  • 15.

    【2hr】A 10-year single-center experience on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistotyping in Szeged Hungary

    包量

    机译 匈牙利塞格德史育耳菌麦芽育虫麦芽育乳蛋白麦芽育虫电阻术
    摘要：is an aerobic, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive bacillus. is a recognized opportunistic pathogen. Due to the advancements in invasive medical procedures, organ transplantation and chemotherapy of malignant illnesses, the relevance of this pathogen increased significantly. The therapy of infections is challenging, as these bacteria show intrinsic resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, the first-choice drug is sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Our aim was to assess the epidemiology of from various clinical samples and the characterization of resistance-levels and resistotyping of these samples over a long surveillance period. The study included bacterial isolates from blood culture samples, respiratory samples and urine samples and the data for the samples, received between January 2008 until December 2017, a total of 817 isolates were identified (respiratory samples 579, 70.9%, blood culture samples 175, 21.4% and urine samples 63, 7.7%). Levofloxacin and colistin-susceptibility rates were the highest (92.2%; 753), followed by tigecycline (90.5%, 739), the first-line agent sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (87.4%, 714), while phenotypic resistance rate was highest for amikacin (72.5% of isolates were resistant, 592). The clinical problem of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-resistance is a complex issue, because there is no guideline available for the therapy of these infections.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Acute neonatal Listeria monocytogenes infection causes long-term organ-specific changes in immune cell subset composition

    包量

    机译 急性新生儿李斯特菌单核细胞增生感染导致长期器官特异性的免疫细胞子集组合物的变化
    摘要：is a food-borne pathogen with a high chance of infecting neonates, pregnant women, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. infection in neonates can cause neonatal meningitis and sepsis with a high risk of severe neurological and developmental sequelae and high mortality rates. However, whether an acute neonatal infection causes long-term effects on the immune system persisting until adulthood has not been fully elucidated. Here, we established a neonatal infection model and monitored the composition of major immune cell subsets at defined time points post infection (p.i.) in secondary lymphoid organs and the intestine. Twelve weeks p.i., the CD8 T cell population was decreased in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) with an opposing increase in the spleen. In the colon, we observed an accumulation of CD4 and CD8 effector/memory T cells with an increase of T-bet T helper 1 (Th1) cells. In addition, 12 weeks p.i. an altered composition of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and dendritic cell (DC) subsets was still observed in colon and mLNs, respectively. Together, these findings highlight organ-specific long-term consequences of an acute neonatal infection on both the adaptive and innate immune system.
  • 17.

    【2hr】The incidence of anaerobic bacteria in adult patients with chronic sinusitis: A prospective single-centre microbiological study

    包量

    机译 成年慢性鼻窦炎患者厌氧细菌的发病率：前瞻性单中心微生物学研究
    摘要：Chronic sinusitis caused by anaerobes is a particular concern clinically, because many of the complications are associated with infections caused by these organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of anaerobic bacteria in chronic sinusitis in adults as a part of a prospective microbiological study.
  • 18.

    【2hr】Vitamin E as promising adjunct treatment option in the combat of infectious diseases caused by bacterial including multi-drug resistant pathogens – Results from a comprehensive literature survey

    包量

    机译 维生素E作为有前途的辅助治疗选择在细菌引起的传染病作战中包括多种耐药病原体 - 来自综合文学调查的结果
    摘要：The use of antibiotics has provoked an emergence of various multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Infectious diseases that cannot be treated sufficiently with conventional antibiotic intervention strategies anymore constitue serious threats to human health. Therefore, current research focus has shifted to alternative, antibiotic-independent therapeutic approaches. In this context, vitamin E constitutes a promising candidate molecule due to its multi-faceted modes of action. Therefore, we used the PubMed database to perform a comprehensive literature survey reviewing studies addressing the antimicrobial properties of vitamin E against bacterial pathogens including MDR bacteria. The included studies published between 2010 and 2020 revealed that given its potent synergistic antimicrobial effects in combination with distinct antibiotic compounds, vitamin E constitutes a promising adjunct antibiotic treatment option directed against infectious diseases caused by MDR bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In conclusion, the therapeutic value of vitamin E for the treatment of bacterial infections should therefore be investigated in future clinical studies.
  • 19.

    【2hr】ESX secretion system: The gatekeepers of mycobacterial survivability and pathogenesis

    包量

    机译 ESX分泌系统：分枝杆菌生存性和发病机制的守护者
    摘要：Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of Tuberculosis has plagued humankind for ages and has surfaced stronger than ever with the advent of drug resistance. Mycobacteria are adept at evading the host immune system and establishing infection by engaging host factors and secreting several virulence factors. Hence these secretion systems play a key role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. The type VII secretion system or ESX (early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) secretion) system is one such crucial system that comprises five different pathways having distinct roles in mycobacterial proliferation, pathogenesis, cytosolic escape within macrophages, regulation of macrophage apoptosis, metal ion homeostasis, etc. ESX 1–5 systems are implicated in the secretion of a plethora of proteins, of which only a few are functionally characterized. Here we summarize the current knowledge of ESX secretion systems of mycobacteria with a special focus on ESX-1 and ESX-5 systems that subvert macrophage defenses and help mycobacteria to establish their niche within the macrophage.
  • 20.

    【2hr】Comparison of two commercial and one in-house real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis

    包量

    机译 两种商业和一个内部实时PCR测定的比较诊断细菌性胃肠炎
    摘要：The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of in-house real-time PCR and commercial real-time PCR (Fast Track Diagnostics (FTD), ampliCube/Mikrogen) targeting enteropathogenic bacteria from stool in preparation of Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices.
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