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Covariant Lyapunov vectors for rigid disk systems

机译:刚性磁盘系统的协变Lyapunov向量

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摘要

We carry out extensive computer simulations to study the Lyapunov instability of a two-dimensional hard-disk system in a rectangular box with periodic boundary conditions. The system is large enough to allow the formation of Lyapunov modes parallel to the x-axis of the box. The Oseledec splitting into covariant subspaces of the tangent space is considered by computing the full set of covariant perturbation vectors co-moving with the flow in tangent space. These vectors are shown to be transversal, but generally not orthogonal to each other. Only the angle between covariant vectors associated with immediate adjacent Lyapunov exponents in the Lyapunov spectrum may become small, but the probability of this angle to vanish approaches zero. The stable and unstable manifolds are transverse to each other and the system is hyperbolic.
机译:我们进行了广泛的计算机模拟,以研究具有周期性边界条件的矩形盒中二维硬盘系统的Lyapunov不稳定性。该系统足够大,可以形成平行于盒子x轴的Lyapunov模式。通过计算与切线空间中的流共同移动的协变摄动向量的完整集合,可以考虑将Oseledec分割为切线空间的协变子空间。这些向量显示为横向的,但通常彼此不正交。只有与李雅普诺夫谱中紧邻的李雅普诺夫指数相关联的协变矢量之间的角度可能变小,但是该角度消失的可能性接近零。稳定歧管和不稳定歧管彼此正交,并且系统是双曲线的。

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