Toxicity and Subcellular Fractionation of Yttriumin Three Freshwater Organisms: Daphnia magna Chironomusriparius and Oncorhynchus mykiss

摘要

The demand for rare earth elements (REEs) has increased since the 1990s leading to the development of many mining projects worldwide. However, less is known about how organisms can handle these metals in natural aquatic systems. Through laboratory experiments, we assessed the chronic toxicity and subcellular fractionation of yttrium (Y), one of the four most abundant REEs, in three freshwater organisms commonly used in aquatic toxicology: Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius, and Oncorhynchus mykiss. In bioassays using growth as an end point, C. riparius was the only organism showing toxicity at Y exposure concentrations close to environmental ones. The lowest observable effect concentrations (LOECs) of Y assessed for D. magna and O. mykiss were at least 100 times higher than the Y concentration in natural freshwater. A negative correlation between Y toxicity and water hardness was observed for D. magna. When exposed to their respective estimated LOECs, D. magna bioaccumulated 15–45 times more Y than the other two organisms exposed to their own LOECs. This former species sequestered up to 75% of Y in the NaOH-resistant fraction,a putative metal-detoxified subcellular fraction. To a lesser extent, C. riparius bioaccumulated 20–30% of Y inthis detoxified fraction. In contrast, the Y subcellular distributionin O. mykiss liver did not highlightany notable detoxification strategy; Y was accumulated primarily inmitochondria (ca. 32%), a putative metal-sensitive fraction. Thisfraction was also the main sensitive fraction where Y accumulatedin C. riparius and D.magna. Hence, the interaction of Y with mitochondriacould explain its toxicity. In conclusion, there is a wide range ofsubcellular handling strategies for Y, with D. magna accumulating high quantities but sequestering most of it in detoxifiedfractions, whereas O. mykiss tendingto accumulate less Y but in highly sensitive fractions.