Tandem gene duplications drive divergent evolution of caffeine and crocin biosynthetic pathways in plants

摘要

Crocin biosynthesis. a Simplified angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Crocin-synthesizing genera are shown in red (Gardenia), green (Buddleja), and purple (Crocus), and caffeine-synthesizing genera (Coffea) in brown. The red dot marks the divergence of Coffea and Gardenia. The divergence time between G. jasminoides and C. canephora was estimated at approximately 20.69 MYA. b Crocin accumulation in different G. jasminoides organs. R, root; St, stem; L, leaf; Fl, flower; Frl, fruitlet; GF, green fruit; RF, red fruit; Sa, sarcocarp