The global burden of influenza-associated respiratory mortality is higher than previous estimates, with over 0.6 million deaths per year and additional mortality rates attributed to non-respiratory but influenza-related illnesses [1]. Numerous vaccines have been developed to protect against influenza infections. However, the efficacies of current influenza vaccines, which include cell-based vaccines, recombinant vaccines, inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have dropped in recent years and do not provide long-term viral defense. Moreover, the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers are widely considered to correlate with protection against influenza; however, patients with high titers have also been infected by influenza, while others without titers were protected [2]. Therefore, there is a real need to explore novel candidates of vaccine development and decrease mortality rates.
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