Original research article: Relationships among achieved heart rate β-blocker dose and long-term outcomes in patients with heart failure with atrial fibrillation

摘要

ObjectiveHigher β-blocker dose and lower heart rate are associated with decreased mortality in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) and sinus rhythm. However, in the 30% of patients with HF with atrial fibrillation (AF), whether β-blocker dose or heart rate predict mortality is less clear. We assessed the association between β-blocker dose, heart rate and all-cause mortality in patients with HF and AF.