This overview shows how tuberculosis has represented and still represents a continuous challenge for Medicine. Starting from the dawn of medicine, when tuberculosis was called “phthisis” by Hippocrates, passing through the discovery of the tubercles and the creation of the word “tuberculosis”, following the application of the anatomo-clinical method, until the discovery of a microscopic enemy: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The progressive discovery of the pathological basis of tuberculosis has allowed to devise important therapeutic strategies in Pre-Antibiotic and Post-Antibiotic Era. In particular, “antibiotic therapy” had to be the end of the challenge between man and tuberculosis. However it was only an illusion. Despite progress in care and prevention, tuberculosis remains one of the world’s leading causes of ill-health and the first cause of death from infectious disease. Nowadays, the drug resistance, individuals with immune deficiencies, the ageing and globalization are just some of the causes responsible for the increasing of the challenge between man and tuberculosis.
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