Increased extreme hourly precipitation over China’s rice paddies from 1961 to 2012

摘要

Extreme precipitation indices by rice type and growth period in 1961–2012. ( ) Frequency of extreme precipitation; ( ) intensity of extreme precipitation; ( ) proportion of extreme precipitation; ( ) maximum hourly precipitation, note that the value during whole rice growing season differs with the maximum of those in 4 growth periods because the time of maximum precipitation event differs by year and site. Period 1 represents the stage from transplanting to tillering, period 2 for the stage from the end of tillering to the end of flowering, period 3 for the stage from the end of flowering to doughty, and period 4 for the stage from maturity to harvesting. Error bar indicates one standard deviation of extreme precipitation indices due to spatial variation. Different letters indicate there were significant differences between growing periods at the 5% level. Figures were generated in R version 3.6.0 ( ) .