Anemia is frequently accompanied with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its prevalence was reported to be 45% among 2,198 non-dialysis CKD patients from stage 1 to 5 in Korea. Treatment of anemia is very important in CKD because anemia itself can cause high-output heart failure and lead to cardiovascular mortality. Thus, anemia may be the common denominator in progression of cardiorenal syndrome. The importance of managing cardiorenal syndrome is recently reemerging because CKD and heart failure are frequently associated and influence each other in a vicious cycle of comorbidity that increases the risk of mortality.
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