Repeated social defeat promotes persistent inflammatory changes in splenic myeloid cells; decreased expression of β-arrestin-2 (ARRB2) and increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6)

摘要

Resident-intruder paradigm. The set-up used to induce defeat stress in the intruder Sprague–Dawley rats (white) in the cage of the resident male Long Evans rat (black-hooded). The Long Evans female was removed 60 min prior to the experiment. An intruder Sprague–Dawley rat was placed in the home cage of a resident male Long Evans rat. Upon three episodes of social defeat (submissive supine posture, freeze or flight), or after 10 min of interaction, a plexiglas wall was used to separate the resident and intruder rats. Sensory interaction in the divided cage was allowed for the remaining time of the hour. Both the male Sprague–Dawley and female Long Evans rats were returned to their home cage after the conditioning. (Illustrated by Nymoen, I.)